The biological differences between male and female. Includes chromosomes, hormones, anatomy. Result of nature.
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What is the definition of gender?
The psychological and cultural differences between males and females. Includes attitudes, behaviours and social roles. Result of nurture.
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What is a sex role stereotype?
A set of shared beliefs about what is expected or appropriate for males and females in a given society.
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How are sex role stereotypes reinforced?
By parents, peers, media, school.
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What can sex role stereotypes lead to?
Sexist assumptions which deny people opportunities.
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What is androgyny?
Blurring of the traditional distinction between masculinity and femininity in Western culture.
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Are young people becoming more or less androgynous?
More
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How was Bem's sex role inventory (1974) developed?
50 males and 50 females rated 200 traits in terms of how desirable they were for men and women. The 20 traits with the highest scores in each category became the masculine and feminine items in the BSRI. Bem also included 20 gender neutral items.
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How is androgyny measured?
60-item questionnaire (20 masculine, 20 feminine, 20 gender neutral). Respondents rate themselves on a 7-point rating scale.
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What is the supporting evidence for the validity of the BSRI?
1000 students completed the BSRI and the results correlated with the Ps description of their own gender identity.
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What is the supporting evidence for the reliability of the BSRI?
A smaller sample of the same students got a similar score when they completed the BSRI a month later, suggesting high test-retest reliability.
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What is the contradictory evidence of the BSRI?
Association between androgyny and well-being. Androgynous individuals should be more psychologically healthy- can deal with situations that require a masculine or feminine response.
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What have researchers said about the contradictory evidence?
Researchers have argued that people are more psychologically healthy if they display masculine traits as these are more highly valued in Western society.
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What does this suggest?
This suggests Bem’s research may not have taken account of the social and cultural context in which it was developed.
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What are the other ways of measuring gender?
Gender identity is too complex to be reduced to a single score. Other researchers suggest that broader issues should be considered e.g. a person's interests. This means it's a limited way of understanding gender identity.
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What is a methodological evaluation?
Ps interpretation of the meaning of the words and the meaning of each end of the scale may differ. May also suffer from social desirability bias, demand characteristics. Might not be a valid way of measuring gender identity.
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What's the last evaluation point?
Cultural/historical bias. BSRI developed over 40yrs ago, behaviours that are 'typical' in relation to gender are outdated/lacks temporal validity. Scale was developed in USA. Western ideas of gender not shared by all cultures (cultural bias).
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the definition of gender?
Back
The psychological and cultural differences between males and females. Includes attitudes, behaviours and social roles. Result of nurture.
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