Psychology - Paper 1 - Memory - Multi-store model and types of LTM.

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What are the 3 types of memory?
Short-term, long-term and sensory register
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According to the multi-store model of memory, in what 3 ways do the stores differ in?
Capacity (how much information can be held), duration (how long the information can be stored for) and coding (how the information is processed into something that can be stored).
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What is the capacity of the sensory register?
Unlimited
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What evidence is there for the capacity of the sensory register?
Sperling: Ps presented with 3x4 grid for 1/20th of a second. When high/medium/low sound was produced to indicate which row was to be recalled Ps scored 3/4. Ps didn't know which row they had to recall so the info had to be stored somewhere.
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What is the capacity of the STM?
7 +- 2
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What is the evidence for the capacity of the STM?
Jacobs: Serial digit span technique. Found capacity of STM was between 5-9. Miller reviewed studies and found that capacity was 7+-2.
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What is the capacity of the LTM?
Potentially unlimited
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What is the evidence for the capacity of the LTM?
People knowing the number of pie.
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Who came up with the multi-store model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
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What's the description of the multi-store model?
Transfer of info through 3 separate unitary stores. Structural model of memory. Info passes from store to store in a linear way.
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What is the duration of sensory register?
250 milliseconds.
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What is the duration of the STM?
18-30 seconds.
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What is the evidence for the duration of the STM?
Peterson and Peterson: Ps shown consonant trigram, rehearsal was prevented by counting backwards in 3s, after 3,6,9,12,15,18 secs Ps were asked to stop counting and repeat the trigram. After 18 secs trigram decayed.
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What is the duration of the LTM?
Potentially forever
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What is the evidence for the duration of the LTM?
Bahrick: Showed 400 Ps aged 17-74 a set of pics and list of names, asked to identify old school friends in pic, those that left school 48yrs ago recalled 80% of name and 70% faces.
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How is information coded in the sensory register?
Modality specific: there are separate sensory stores for different sensory inputs.
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What are the senses and the names of the ways they're coded?
Touch/Haptic, Taste/Gustatory, Smell/Olfactory, Sound/Echoic, Sight/Iconic.
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How is information coded in the STM?
Information is coded acoustically.
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What is the evidence for the coding in the STM?
Baddeley: found that there was acoustic confusion with words that sounded the same.
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How is information in the LTM coded?
Information is coded semantically.
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What is the evidence for the coding in the LTM?
Baddeley: found that there was semantic confusion with words that meant the same.
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What is 1/3 weakness of the MSM?
Craik and Lockhart found there are different forms of rehearsal. Showed that depth of learning leads to LTM rather than simple repetition e.g. what you do with the material is more important.
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What is 2/3 weakness of the MSM?
Some things are just more easily recalled even without rehearsal (flashbulb memory) and the MSM doesn't account for this.
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What is 3/3 weakness of the MSM?
The stores aren't unitary - evidence shows there are different types of LTM (episodic, semantic, procedural). Brain scans also show there are different types, episodic and semantic in prefrontal cortex, procedural is in cerebellum and basal ganglia.
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What are the 3 types of LTM?
Episodic, semantic and procedural.
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What does the episodic memory involve?
Memory for events, info stored with reference to time and place, info is available for conscious inspection.
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What does the semantic memory involve?
Memory for facts/general knowledge/rules of language, info is available for conscious inspection.
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What does the procedural memory involve?
Memory for motor skills/actions, referred to as an action based memory, information is NOT available for conscious inspection.
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What is the supporting evidence for there being 3 types of LTM?
Clive Wearing lost all of his episodic and most of his semantic memory but NOT procedural memory providing evidence for the different types of LTM.
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What is 1/2 strengths of the MSM?
Brain scans e.g. fMRI scans have shown that different areas of the brain are active when doing memory tasks (STM = prefrontal cortex and LTM = hippocampus).
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What is 2/2 strength of the MSM?
Case of amnesiacs e.g. HM who had his hippocampus removed. He was unable to form new long term memories although his STM (as measured by the serial digit span technique) was unaffected. Shows STM and LTM must be separate.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

According to the multi-store model of memory, in what 3 ways do the stores differ in?

Back

Capacity (how much information can be held), duration (how long the information can be stored for) and coding (how the information is processed into something that can be stored).

Card 3

Front

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What evidence is there for the capacity of the sensory register?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the capacity of the STM?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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