Psychology Multi store model of memory

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Multistore model of memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin, consists of three stores and is a model of th entire memory structure
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Peterson and Peterson (STM)
Recall trigrams after intervals of counting back in 3s for a period of time. onger the interval delay the les trigrams were recalled. 80% recall after three seconds, less than 10% recall after 18 seconds. Duration was 3-18 seconds
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Bahrik et al (LTM)
Longitudinal study, free recall and photo/name/name and photo recognition test. 90% face and name after 15 years. 40% face and 30% free recall after 48 years. SHowed that LTM is unlimmited in duration and is better with suitable cues
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Badderley (STM and LTM)
Gave participants 4 lists,semantically different/similar, accoustically different/similar. Hard to recall acoustically similar words in STM, difficult to remember semantically similar words in the LTM. Therefore, the STM= accousitcs, LTM=semantic
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Millers magic number
Digit span test. Memory span in the STM is 7 +/-2
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Evaluation of Badderley encoding experiment- LTM?
Lacks mundane realilsm. He may not have tested LTM as he only asked them to wait 20 minutes.
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Evaluation of Badderley encoding experiment- Brandimote et al
STM may not be exclusively accoustic. Brandimote et al found ppts used visual in STM if given a visual task and prevented from verbal rehearsal
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Evaluation of Badderley encoding experiment- Frost and Nelson and Rothbart
LTM may not be exclusively semantic. Frost showed that long term recall related to visual and semantic catagories and Nelson and Rothbart found evidence of accoustic coding in LTM. Coding varies accoring to the circumstances
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Evaluation of Peterson and Peterson- Artificial
The trigram task was artificial thus it lacks ecological validity. However, it does apply to things like postcodes and phone numbers, it does have some relevance
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Evaluation of Peterson and Peterson- Reitman and Nairne et al
STM results may have been due to displacement. Reitman used auditory tones instead of numbers in the interim task so displacement wouldnt occur. Nairne found it was 96 seconds, Petersons study didn't measure STM duration at all
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Evaluation of Miller- Cowan and Simon
STM is likely to be limited to four chunks (meta-analysis), Simon also found that people had shorter memory span for larger chunks (8 word phrases vs one syllable words)
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Supporting evidence for the model- Beardsley and Squire
Studies support existence of the three seperate stores. Studies using brain scanning found there is a difference between LTM and STM. Beardsley found prefrontal cortex was more active during STM tasks Squire found the hippocampus is active in the LTM
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Supporting evidence for the model- Case studies
HM case study, hippocampus was removed, his personality and intellect remained but couldn't form new LTMs, allthough could remember old ones
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Limitations of the model- Too simple
LTM and STM are not unitary stores, LTM is divides into different stores. (WMM)
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Limitations of the model- Craig and Lockhart, Craig and Tulving
Craik and Lockhart say enduring memories are crated by processing that you do rather than maintenence rehearsal (deep/shallow ). Craig and Tulving gave ppts nouns and asked questions involving deep/shallow processing. Deep processing=creates LTM
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Limmitations of the model- How seperate are the LTM and STM- Ruchkin and Logie
Logie says the STM relies on the LTM thus cant come first. You need LTM's to chunk/add meaning to STMs to transfer them. Ruchkin deomnstrated this. Recall pseudo words, brain activity was higher in real words than in pseudo words. STM is part of LTM
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Peterson and Peterson (STM)

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Recall trigrams after intervals of counting back in 3s for a period of time. onger the interval delay the les trigrams were recalled. 80% recall after three seconds, less than 10% recall after 18 seconds. Duration was 3-18 seconds

Card 3

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Bahrik et al (LTM)

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Badderley (STM and LTM)

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Millers magic number

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