Psychology memory

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  • Created by: elliesp
  • Created on: 07-02-17 20:15
what is the capacity of short term memory according to MSM? how many items can it store?
limited. 5-9 items.
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what is the capacity of long term memory according to MSM?
potentially unlimited, but info can be lost due to decay or interference.
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what is the duration of short memory according to MSM (how long it can be remembered before forgotten)?
brief. up to 30 seconds.
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what is the duration for long term memory according to MSM?
potentially permanent
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what is the coding for short term memory according to MSM?
mainly acoustic
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what is the coding for long term memory according to MSM?
mainly semantic (meaning)
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who was the multi-store model made by?
Attkinson and Shiffrin
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what is are the stages of the multi store model?
info goes into sensory register and into short term memory when you pay attention to it, forget after 30 secs unless rehearsal, then goes to long term memory
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what is the capacity of the sensory register according to MSM?
large capacity
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how is information is coded by the sensory register according to MSM?
info is in a raw unprocessed format (not coded)
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what is the duration of the sensory register according to MSM?
limited (milliseconds)
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what is one of the supporting research studies for MSM?
clive wearing (LTM: wives name, but STM inactive: questions just asked)..different stores for LTM & STM.
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what is another supporting research study for MSM?
Glanzer & Cunitz: Pps recall more words either at start or at end (those at end STM, those at start LTM as rehearsed)..different stores for LTM & STM.
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what is one opposing study for MSM?
Case of KF: digit span poor when read aloud to him, but better when read himself. Both STM, but suggests there are different stores in STM (acoustic and visual)
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what is a disadvantage of MSM?
supporting research lacks ecological validity, all lab experiments & may produce artificial responses. reduces validity.
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who created the working memory model? what is it a model of?
Baddeley and Hitch. A model of how short term memory works.
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what are the stages involved in the working memory model?
central executive acts as a filter for information and allocates slave systems to tasks. info can go from C.E to either visuo-spatial sketchpad or episodic buffer or phonological loop (includes phon.store and articulatory control process)
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what are the features of the central executive?
decides which info received by sense organs isn't attended to and makes decisions and allocates slave systems to tasks, it is flexible and can process info from any modality, limited storage capacity (1 strand at a time).
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what are the features of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
codes information visually and spatially, limited capacity (3/4 items), stores visual and spatial info.
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what are the features of the episodic buffer?
the episodic buffer is a temporary store for information, stores info from any modality, provides link to LTM, limited capacity (4 chunks at a time)
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what are the features of the phonological loop?
stores auditory info.
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what are the features of the phonological store?
limited capacity, acoustically coded items stored here briefly,
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what are the features of the articulatory control process?
2 second capacity, rehearsal of items stored in phonological store.
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what is a supporting study of WMM?
Case of KF: lower digit span when read to him than when read to self. suggests different stores in STM (visual and auditory)
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what is an opposing study of WMM?
Case of KF: lacks generalisability. brain damaged patients are unique individuals who have suffered traumatic experiences so not representative of whole population.
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what are the different types of LTM? suggested by who?
Tulving: semantic, procedural, episodic.
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what are semantic memories?
contains information of the world we have learnt, not time stamped (can't recall when learnt), declarative memories (conscious effort to remember them)
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what are procedural memories?
memories of actions and skills, not time stamped, non declarative memories (don't require effort to remember them)
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what are episodic memories?
memories personal to you and your experiences, time stamped, declarative memories.
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what is supporting study for Tulving?
Clive Wearing: has procedural memory (can play piano) but lacks episodic memory (can't remember events from last week)
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what is a disadv for Tulving theory?
Clive wearing lacks generalisability, unique person with traumatic experiences. uncertain which part of brain is damaged (lacks internal validity as is uncertain whether IV affects DV)
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what does the interference theory suggest and explain?
explains how we forget things from our long term memory, suggests memories conflict with each other, causing confusion between new/old memories (also most likely to forget if its similar information)
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what are the different types of interference?
pro active and retro active
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what is retro-active interference?
when new memories interfere with new ones.
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what is pro active interference?
when old memories conflict with new ones.
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what is supporting study for interference theory?
Schmidt et al: investigated retro-active interference. high school roads. proves new memories interfere with old ones.
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what is another supporting study of interference theory?
McGeogh and Mcdonald -retro active interference. Pps had to recall 10 words (2 syllables) once recalled with 100% accuracy, second list and then recall first again. Symonyms had worst recall. similar memories conflict and are harder to recall.
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disadvs of interference theory supporting research?
lacks generalisiability (Schmidt et al), use of artificial materials lacks ecological validity (McGeogh and McDonald), not everything we forget is due to conflicting info e.g where you left your phone.
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what is the retrieval failure theory? suggested by who?
by tulving. suggests we forget things in LTM because of insufficient cues at the time of recall.
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what is the encoding specifity principle that Tulving suggested?
if a cue is present when you learn it and recall it, there is more chance of retrieval success.
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what are the two different types of cues?
state dependant cues and context dependant cues.
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what are state dependant cues?
emotional state at time of leaning and recall
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what are context dependent cues?
environmental context at time of recall and learning
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study for context dependant cues?
Godden and Baddeley
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study for state dependant cues?
Carter and Cassady
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supporting studies for effects of anxiety on EWT?
Johnson and Scott: ops thought taking part in lab study whilst in waiting room. low anx. condition: greasy hands and pen. high anx.: bloody knife and glass smash, low anx. had higher recall of mans face. shows anx. has negative effect on EWT
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opposing study for anxiety on EWT?
Pickel - unusual condition: raw chicken. Usual condition: scissors. Pps had to watch video and recall face after. least accurate w/chicken..suggests weapon focus due to surprise not fear
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who made the cognitive interview?
Fisher and Geiselman
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what are the 4 steps in the cognitive interview?
reinstate the context, change perspective, reverse the order, report everything.
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effect of misleading info on EWT (leading questions) study?
Loftus and palmer..car crash..smashed condition estimated highest speed. Week later, pps asked if saw any glass, smashed condition all said they did.
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supporting study of effects of post event discussion on EWT?
Gabbert et al - pps watched same video from different perspectives. some pps allowed to discuss what they saw with others after and then individually recall what they saw. ones who discussed, recalled things they didn't see.
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opposing research of effects of post event discussion on EWT?
Pps shown a video of a red bag being stolen and read a report containing many mistakes including that bag was brown. when asked what colour bag was, majority answered red.
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what is the capacity of long term memory according to MSM?

Back

potentially unlimited, but info can be lost due to decay or interference.

Card 3

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what is the duration of short memory according to MSM (how long it can be remembered before forgotten)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the duration for long term memory according to MSM?

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Card 5

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what is the coding for short term memory according to MSM?

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