Psychology-Attachments

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  • Created by: Phoebe.C
  • Created on: 05-04-17 13:38
What is an attachment?
a two-way, enduring emotional tie to another person.
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What is bodily contact?
Physical interactions between the infant and the carer that help form the attachment bond
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Research into bodily contact
Klaus and Kennell-compared mums with extended contact with their babies and mothers who only had contact with babies while feeding. Mums with greater bodily contact cuddled and had eye contact more a month later.
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What is mimicking?
infants seem to have an innate tendency to imitate carer's facial expressions
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Research into mimicking
Melzoff and Moore-infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults' specific facial expressions and hand movements.
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What is caregiverese?
high-pitched,song-like, slow and repetitive speech that adults use while interacting with infants.
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Research into caregiverese
Papousek et al- rising intonation while talking to infants is cross-cultural.
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What is interactional synchrony?
When infants move their body in time with their carer's spoken language to creat turn-taking
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Research into interactional synchrony
Condon and Sander-frame-by-frame videos of infants and found they co-ordinatedtheir actions in sequence with adult speech
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What is recipricity?
Interactions between carer and child which result in mutual behaviour with both producing responses from the other.
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What are Schaffer's stages of attachment?
Pre-attachment(birth to 3 months),Indiscriminate attachment (3 to 7/8 months),Discriminate attachment(7/8 months onwards),Multiple attachments(9 months onward)
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Schaffer and Emerson's research.
Longitudinal 60 working class newborn Glaswegian babies.Separation protest and stranger anxiety.
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Schaffer and Emerson's findings
Most babies started to show seperation protest at 6-8 months with stranger anxiety 1 month later. Strongly attached-mothers responded quickly and accurately. 18 months-87% more than one attachment and 31% had five or more attachments.
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Research into types of fatherly attachment
Geiger-fathers' play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable to the child while mothers are more nurturing.
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Research into level of sensitivity in fathers
Hrdy-fathers are less able than mothers to detect lw levels of infant distress. Lamb- fathers who are pria attachment figures develop more sensitivity quickly.
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Research into attachment and marital intimacy
Belsky et al-high levels of marital intimacy is related to secure father-infant attachments.
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Lorenzes findings
goslings imprinted on Lorenz and followed him around. This bond was irreversible and imprinting only happened between 4 and 25 hours. Goslings that had imprinted on humans later tried to mate with humans.
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Harlow's findings
Monkeys preferred contact with the towel mother than the wire mother and only went to the wire mother when they needed food. When startled the monkeys went to the towel mother for comfort.
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How does classical conditioning apply to attachment?
Attachments are learned through the stimulus of food becoming associated with the mother.
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How does operant conditioning apply to attachment?
Attchment occurs through the caregiver becoming associated with the negative reinforcement of taking away the unpleasant feeling of hunger.
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Research into the learning theory of attachment
Dollard and Miller-in the first year babies are fed 2,000 times which crates ample opportunity for an association to be formed.
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What are the main points in Bowlby's monotropic theory?
It is adaptive, the baby has social releasers ,there is a critical period for the attachment to form, monotropy (the baby has one main attachment) and it leads to an internal working model of relationships.
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Research into Bowlby's monotropic theory
Lamb et al-infants have different attachments for different reasons rather than there being a hierarchy
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Ainsworth's strange situation findings
Three types of attachment, insecure-avoidant(15%),secure(75%) and insecure resistent(15%)
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Cultural variation Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg findings
Securely attached was most common in all countries. There were also many intra-cultural differences. Israel-29% insecure resistent, Germany 35% inecure avoidant.
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Research into short-term seperation
Robertson and Robertson-John aged 17 months went through protest,despair,detachment stages when his mother was away from him in hospital.
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Research into long-term deprivation
Rodgers and Pryor-children experiencing two or more divorces have the lowest adjustment rates and most behavioural problems.
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Research into privation
Curtiss and Rymer-Genie-denied human interaction,beaten and strapped into a potty seat until discovered at 13. After years of therapy made some improvement(IQ from 38 to 74) but eventually deteriorated again.
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Research into institutionalisation
Bowlby-44 juvenile thieves and a control group of non-thieves who had suffered emtional problems. 32% of thieves showed affectionless psychopathy. 86% of these had experienced maternal separation
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Tizard and Hodges
studied children placed in istitutionalisation in the first four months of their life. Those who were adopted had close attachments to family but struggled outside of the family and those who remained in institutions had no strong attachments.
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Rutter's research into Romanian Orphanages
111 Romanian orphans and 52 British orphans. Some adopted before 6 months,some between 6 months and 2 years and some after 2 years.
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Rutter's Romanian Orphanage findings
Around 50% of Romanian orphans were retarded in cognitive functioning and most were underweight. At 4 they showed great improvement with those who were adopted before 6 months doing just as well as the British orphans.
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Follow up research
Rutter followed the same children at age 11 and found that many showed normal levels of functioning but50% of those showing disinhibited attachments at the age of 6 were still doing so.
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Research into childhood relationships.
Youngblade and Belsky found that securely attached children were more curious, competent, empathetic and got along better with other children.
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Research into attachment influence on adult relationships findings
Hazan and Shaver-Securley attached children went on to form happy, trusting relationships and tended not to divorce. Insecure-avoidant children doubted the existence of love and expressed self-doubt. Insecure types were vulnerable to loneliness.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Physical interactions between the infant and the carer that help form the attachment bond

Back

What is bodily contact?

Card 3

Front

Klaus and Kennell-compared mums with extended contact with their babies and mothers who only had contact with babies while feeding. Mums with greater bodily contact cuddled and had eye contact more a month later.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

infants seem to have an innate tendency to imitate carer's facial expressions

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Melzoff and Moore-infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults' specific facial expressions and hand movements.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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