Psychology - AREAS + APPROACHES

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Social - define and 2 studies
how social context and the presence of others affects how we behave; MILGRAM - obedience to authority; BOCCHIARO et al - disobedience and authority
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social - 3 +, 2-
improves understanding of behaviour, useful applications as often studies real issues, high ecological val often uses field; findings not always true as social situations are relative, often socially sensitive so breaks ethics
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cognitive - define and 2 studies
how we think, perceive, problem solve and remember; LOFTUS + PALMER - eye witness testimony; GRANT ET AL - context dependant memory
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cognitive - 3+, 3-
understanding of how the brain works, practical applications, often lab exp which increases scientific credibility and reliablity; lab lacks ecological val, cognitive processes can't be directly studied, only through mri/observations, may be demand c
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developmental - define and 2 studies
how our thinking, personality and ability to learn changes as people mature; BANDURA ET AL - transmission of aggression, CHANEY ET AL - funhaler
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developmental - 3+,3-
applications to childcare, use both data types-useful, can study pps over time to reduce pp variables; ethics-child consent, samples often small-reduce representativeness, findings aren't always true - childcare/cultures are relative
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individual differences - define and 2 studies
differences between people, e.g. mental abnormality; FREUD - little hans, BARON-COHEN ET AL - autism in adults
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individual differences - 2+,2-
improves understanding and streatments, discovers more types of human behaviours; socially sensitive, the way we measure differences may not be valid
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biological area - define and 2 studies
how neurobiology affects behaviour and how behaviour affects biology; SPERRY - split brain; CASEY ET AL - delay of gratification
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biological area - 3+,2-
lab and scientific equipment=credibility, controls=can test reliability, medical contributions; some have to rely on self report - demand characteristics, could be seen as reductionist - behaviour isn't just based on biology
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psychodynamics - personality
id = what we want to do based on natural drives, superego = what we do based on norms of society; as we mature the superego becomes more dominant
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psychodynamics - psycho sexual stages
if dont complete all 5 stages we can develop neurotic illnesses; fixation = libido permanently invested in a stage; overindulgence - reluctant to leave a stage's satisfaction;
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psychodynamics - iceberg theory
conscious mind = everyday thoughts; preconscious = accessible memories; unconscious = bad memories repressed, access through dreams
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psychodynamics - oedipus
during phallic stage, boy attracted to mother and envious of father, castration anxiety as fear of what might happen if they find out, instead identifies with father and adopts masculine behaviours
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psychodynamics - electra
girl desires father, develops penis envy and blames mother for castrated state; remove tension identifies with mother and adopts feminine behaviours
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psychodynamics - 2+,2-
offers explanation as to why disorders develop, suggests ways to treat them -talking therapy widely used now; unscientific - can't be verified/falsified, one case study as evidence is subjective and can't be generalised
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behaviourism - key idea
humans are born blank slates - tabula rasa; all behaviour learnt and determined by environment.
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behaviourism - classical conditioning - define + example
learning through association, natural behaviours can be altered by learning to associate with new stimuli - e.g. PAVLOV made dogs salivate by ringing a bell before feeding
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behaviourism - operant conditioning - define and example
learning as result of reward/punishment; can shape behaviour through enforcement which can be- DIRECT = rewarded behaviour is repeated, or VICARIOUS = marketing where viewer wants rewards as model; SKINNERS rats learnt to get food by pushing button
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behaviourism - social learning theory - define + key cycle
leaning through observing and imitating the behaviours of others; observation -- imitation -- reinforcement -- repetition
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behaviourism - 2+,2-
practical applications e.g. unlearn phobias, observable behaviour in lab = scientific; lab lacks ecological val, fails to account for 'nature' influences on learning
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Card 2

Front

social - 3 +, 2-

Back

improves understanding of behaviour, useful applications as often studies real issues, high ecological val often uses field; findings not always true as social situations are relative, often socially sensitive so breaks ethics

Card 3

Front

cognitive - define and 2 studies

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

cognitive - 3+, 3-

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

developmental - define and 2 studies

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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