psychology - approaches and biopsychology

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who is wundt?
- father of psychology - first psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879 - he believed that all internal mental processes could be studied experimentally using INTROSPECTION
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problems of measuring peoples thoughts
-evaluation apprehension - invasion of privacy -thoughts changing -influences by other people
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what is introspection?
the systematic analysis of ones own consciousness experiences including all sensations and emotional reactions
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low internal validity and Wundt
its impossible to objectively measure peoples thought processes as thoughts are difficult to explain and interpret meaning introspection does not accurately measure what it intends
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high evaluation apprehension and Wundt
people may lie about their thoughts in fear of being judged.
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the classical conditioning process.
BEFORE CONDITIONING - neutral stimulus = no response -unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response. DURING CONDITIONING = unconditioned response AFTER CONDITIONING - conditioned stimulus = conditioned response
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what experiment was used in classical conditioning
Pavlov dogs - 1972 - laboratory experiment - repeated measures - random sampling
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list some basic assumptions of the learning approach
-we are all born on a blank slate - behaviourists reject all unseen human experience - behaviourists use strictly scientific research methods - we have very limited free will or personal responsibility
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strength of CC
high test re test reliability
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weakness of CC
low external validity and physical harm
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what is operant conditioning
type of learning where behaviour is controlled by consequences
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wha is social leaning theory
Banduras theory that people learn from one another through observation, imitation and modelling
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operant conditioning (skinner)
positive rein forcement (provides a pleasant consequence which makes behaviour more likely) and negative reinforcement (removes an aversive consequence makes behaviour more likely) punishment (aversive consequence makes behaviour less likely)
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operant conditioning experiment
skinners rats 1953 -laboratory experiment -repeated measure -random sampling
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strengths of OC
experimenter bias - internal validity - test re test reliability
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weaknesses of OC
harm
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whats the process of bandoras social learning theory?
indirect (vicarious) reinforcement - retention - motivation - reproduction
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what research supports bandoras theory?
Bandura's Dolls - 1961 - laboratory experiment - independent groups - opportunity sampling
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what were the findings the bandoras experiment?
the children who had seen the aggressive role model are more likely to show the same aggressive behaviour to the doll - boys were more aggressive than the girls - imitation was greatest in the children if they saw same-sex adult role models
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weaknesses of SLT/Banduras dolls
internal validity - experimenter bias - external validity - psychological harm
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learning approach strengths
Parsimonious- falsifiable and scientific - culturally absolute - justified use of animals
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learning approach weaknesses
reductionist - ignores the role of nature - determinist
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what is the cognitive approach?
based on INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES - cognitive psychologists study SCIENTIFICALLY to INFER COGNITIVE CAUSES - INTROSPECTION can be used to STUDY INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES
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what is the role of schemas?
its an example of how information is processed - 'package of information' - schemas allow us to make cognitive representations of people, places or situations - they're developed by previous experiences - help us organise and interpret information
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what does the negative consequences do?
they creat a cognitive bias that cause us to ignore information that does not fit into our schemas. This explains why we have develop prejudices and stereotypes
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what is the theoretical and computer models ?
they are used to explain and make inferences about mental porcesses - are brain processes thoughts like a computer
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what is cognitive neuroscience?
cognitive neuroscience has Been successfully combines with the biological approach to create cognitive neuroscience - it uses SCIENTIFIC NON-INVASIVE SCANNING TECHNIQUES
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Give an example of cognitive neuroscience techniques.
lesion studies - pet scans - MRI - FMRI scans
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who is an example of lesion studies?
phineas gage - damages his frontal lobe after a railroad explosion - he then experienced increased aggression , loss of inhibitions , and people described him as drunk
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strengths of the cognitive approach
scientific
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limitations of the cognitive approach
over-mechanistic - unfalsifiable
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what does neuroimaging do?
it uses brain scans to see which parts of the brain become active during particular activities (cocaine users have more activity in the frontal lobes which is responsible for problem solving and controlling emotions)
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strengths of the behavioural approach
scientific - culturally absolute
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weaknesses of the behavioural approach
reductionist - determinist
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what are genes?
set of instructions you inherit for the growth and development of every cell in your body - they will determine eye colour, height
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what are genotypes?
the set of genes you inherit at conception - they are the genetic make up - they determine both physical and psychological characteristics.
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what is a phenotype?
you phenotypes are the observable characteristic you end up with - they are affected by your genes and your environment
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what study shows STRONG evidence for the genetic cause of anorexia?
MZ and DZ twins - MZ twins are 56% likely because they share 100% of the same genes - DZ twins are 5% likely because they only share 50% of the same genes
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what is the biological structure?
biological structures refers to areas on the brain - different parts of the brain influence different human behaviour - the biological approach say that if parts of the brain are damaged then this will affect our behaviour
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what do brain scans show evidence of
that brain damage causes schizophrenia - they have larger ventricles
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what is the problem with establishing the cause and effect of schizophrenia and brain damage
there is no IV or DV that can be manipulated lowering the internal validity
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Card 2

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problems of measuring peoples thoughts

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-evaluation apprehension - invasion of privacy -thoughts changing -influences by other people

Card 3

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what is introspection?

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Card 4

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low internal validity and Wundt

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Card 5

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high evaluation apprehension and Wundt

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