When an individual has to take more and more of a substance to gain the same effect as originally.
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Withdrawal syndrome
Occurs after tolerance as the body is used to the substance and when the presence of the substance drops below tolerance levels unpleasant feelings and symptoms occur.
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What severity of withdrawal levels is determined by.
The drug used, the amount consumed and the drug use pattern.
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Research into tolerance and withdrawal syndrome.
Begg-A regular to moderate drinker can metabolise 8g of alcohol and hour but a heavy drinking may metabolise twice that.
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Marks et al
alcoholics were more likely to have a higher nicotine dependence as they smoked more heavily.
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Genetic vulnerability as a risk factor
There is thought to be a genetic influence on the development of addiction but it is necessary for there to be a gene-environment interaction.
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Tsuang et al
Records of 3,000 male twins. Addiction was classed as at least weekly use of an illegal drug. There was a significant difference in concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins.
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DiFranza
10% of teenage smokers who went on to be nicotine addicts had strong cravings two days after first inhaling and 35% within one month. This suggests a genetic vulnerability (200 times more likely to be daily smokers)
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Stress as a risk factor
behaviours and drugs that give temporary relief from stress
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Tavolacci et al
University students-higher stress levels were correlated with higher levels of addiction to smoking,alcohol and cyber addiction.
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Piazza et al
Rats with their tails pinched more likely to press a level for amphetamines.
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Personality as a risk factor
People with pathological personalities may be more likely to become addicted
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Howard et al
novelty seeking does predict alcohol abuse in teenagers and young adults as well as predicting anti-social behaviour
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Christiansen et al
11-14 year olds. A year later how much they drank was linked to their expectancies and beliefs.
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Bullers et al
selection of peer group follows addiction.
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Bauman and Ennett
peer influence has never been tested as a construct
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Watkins et al
dopamine release reduced following exposure to nicotine explaining tolerance
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Dani and Basi
nicotine acts on the dopaminergic systems
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Brynner
The media makes smoking look attractive and tough
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US National Institute on Drug Abuse
90% of US smokers started when they were teenagers
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Parke and Griffiths
near misses
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Malcom et al
busirone or placebo-no difference
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Fiore et al
placebo or nicotine patches-patches twice as likely to be useful
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Canon and Baker
20 male vlounteers-electric,emetic
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Maletzky
covert aversion therapy is more effective than a half way house
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Haddock et al
CBT is effective for addicts who also suffer from schizophrenia
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The theory of planned beahviour
Attitude and behavioural beliefs,subjective norms and normative beliefs,perceived behavioural control.
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Webb and Sheeran
meta-analysis of 47 studies level of intention is linked ot behavioural change but only a small link.
6 stage model also works in health-care interventions.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Occurs after tolerance as the body is used to the substance and when the presence of the substance drops below tolerance levels unpleasant feelings and symptoms occur.
Back
Withdrawal syndrome
Card 3
Front
The drug used, the amount consumed and the drug use pattern.
Back
Card 4
Front
Begg-A regular to moderate drinker can metabolise 8g of alcohol and hour but a heavy drinking may metabolise twice that.
Back
Card 5
Front
alcoholics were more likely to have a higher nicotine dependence as they smoked more heavily.
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