Psychology

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  • Created by: Libby0104
  • Created on: 26-11-19 09:21
behaviourism
all behaviour is learnt from the environment, focusing on observable behaviour
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classical conditioning
learning through association, Pavlov experimented on dogs
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operant conditioning
learning through consequences, Skinner experimented on rats
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social learning theory
learning through observations and imitations of a role model, Bandura used a Bobo doll
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mediational processes
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
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cognitive approach
the way we think influences our behaviour, we have to make inferences on what people are thinking from their behaviour
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schemas
help to organise and interpret information, based on previous experiences
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emergence of neuroscience
aims to find out how the brain structures influence, the way we process information and map mental cognitive functions to specific areas of the brain
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biological approach
suggests that brain anatomy and functioning impacts our behaviour
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twin studies
determines the involvement of genetic factors in the approach compare the same trait in both twins monozygotic twins contain the same genetic information dizygotic twins share 50% of their genetic material
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genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual eg. the genes present in the body cells
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phenotype
the characteristics within an individual
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evolution
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection
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psychodynamic approach
all behaviour can be explained in terms of inner conflicts of the mind, Freud looks at the role of the unconscious mind
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tripartite personality- ID
born, wants instant gratification, known as the pleasure principle
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tripartite personality- EGO
age 1-3, reality principle,acts as a balance, looks at past experiences
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tripartite personality- SUPEREGO
age 3-5, morality principle, it is your conscience
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structure of the mind
conscious (aware)- ego subconscious (access with effort)- superego unconscious (cant access)- ID
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defence mechanisms- repression
ego pushes thoughts to the unconscious
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defence mechanisms- displacement
an impulse may be redirected to a place more acceptable
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defence mechanisms- denial
unpleasant internal or external realities denied
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defence mechanisms- projection
unacceptable thoughts projected onto someone else
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oedipus complex
in order to overcome they must identify with the mother
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electra complex
in order to overcome they must identify with the father
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Little Hans case study
5 yrs old, phobia of horses, Freud did a case study, communicated through letters
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humanistic approach
everyone has a unique way of perceiving the world, people have free will
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Maslows hierarchy
From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualisation
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congruence
how similar ideal and actual self is
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achieving congruence
positive regard, conditions of worth (barrier), client centred therapy (non directive) own solutions are made
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William Wundt
first person to be considered a psychologist, opened first lab in Germany, wanted to explore the human mind
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introspection
(inside looking) reports own thoughts and feelings some people are unaware of their thoughts people lie to look positive delay could lead to forgetting can’t repeat- decrease reliability
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learning approach summary
assumptions- animals and humans learn in the same way behaviour comes from the environment //key theories- social learning theory behaviourism classical & operant conditioning //nurture// determinism //application- prisons &schools
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cognitive approach summary
assumptions- the way we think influences our behaviour// key theories-schema theory- store pockets of information// nature// determinism//application- cbt therapy
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biological approach summary
assumptions- brain anatomy and functioning impacts our behaviour, behaviour is determined by biological factors// key theories-genetic theories, natural selection by Charles Darwin// nature// determinism// application - medication
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psychodynamic approach summary
assumptions- behaviour can be explained in terms of inner conflicts of the mind//key theories- tripartite personality, psychosexual stages, structure of the mind// nature and nurture// determinism// application- medication
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humanistic approach summary
assumptions-everyone has a unique way of perceiving the world// key theories- Maslows hierarchy// nurture// free will// application- client centred therapy
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deterministic
the view that free will is an illusion, and that our behaviour is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control
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reductionist
refers to the way that biological psychologists try to reduce behaviour to a physical level and explain it in terms of neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, brain structure
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SPAMI
supporting evidence, practical application, alternatives, methodology, issues and debates
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SPAMI- learning approach
supporting evidence- Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura // practical application-schools&prisons // alternatives- other approaches // methodology- experiments, conditioning // issues and debates- unethical, may not generalise back to humans
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SPAMI- cognitive approach
supporting evidence- neuroscience, brain damage // practical application-MRI scans, CAT scans // alternatives- other approaches // methodology- lab experiments, brain scans // issues and debates- deterministic, reductionist
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SPAMI- biological approach
supporting evidence- twin studies, adoption studies // practical application-medication // alternatives- other approaches // methodology- brain scans // issues and debates- deterministic, reductionist
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SPAMI- psychodynamic approach
supporting evidence- little Hans case study // practical application-psychoanalysis // alternatives- other approaches // methodology- case studies // issues and debates- deterministic
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SPAMI- humanistic approach
supporting evidence- no evidence // practical application-client centred therapy // alternatives- other approaches // methodology- no scientific methodology // issues and debates- gives us free will
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

learning through association, Pavlov experimented on dogs

Back

classical conditioning

Card 3

Front

learning through consequences, Skinner experimented on rats

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

learning through observations and imitations of a role model, Bandura used a Bobo doll

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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