Psychology

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  • Created by: Anon
  • Created on: 06-04-19 11:17
What does the learning theory suggest?
Suggests that attachment is a set of learned behaviours through the provision of food.
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What does the learning theory consist off?
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory
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What is Classical Conditioning?
Classical conditioning is learning attachment through association.
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Give an example of classical conditioning.
Before conditioning the food is the unconditioned stimuli and the baby's pleasure is the unconditioned response. During conditioning the caregiver(neutral stimuli) gives food to the baby who he associates the caregiver to the food.
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In Classical Conditioning what happens after conditioning?
After conditioning, the baby feels pleasure around the caregiver even if they don't have food. So the caregiver is the conditioned stimuli and the baby's pleasure is the conditioned response. This forms the basis of attachment.
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What is Operant Conditioning?
Is learning through rewards and consequences. Also through Reinforcement.
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Give an example of Operant conditioning.
Baby is hungry, so cries(negative drive state). Caregiver provides food and comfort which stops baby crying. This encourages the baby to cry more so they receive food and comfort(Negative Reinforcement).
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Give an example of positive reinforcement in Operant Conditioning.
Positive Reinforcement- When caregiver gives food and comfort to the baby this encourages the baby to stop crying. This makes the food and comfort positive reinforcement. As the caregiver is the source of reinforcement an attachment is formed.
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What type of reinforcement is the food and the caregiver?
Food is primary reinforcement(biological) and the caregiver along with the food is the secondary reinforcement.
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Give a weakness of the Learning Theory.
Reductionist- The Learning theory is oversimplified and suggests attachment can only be learned through classical and operant conditioning. It fails to take into biological aspects such as influence of genes, emotions and unconscious thoughts.
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What was Hay and Vespos take on the Learning Theory.
Hay and Vespo- argue that infant caregiver interactions can be best explained by Social Learning Theory. They suggest that infants learn though imitating modelled behaviour such as hugging to demonstrate love etc.
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What do Hay and Vespo suggest?
They suggest that infants and children are still able to learn attachment without the provision of food.
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Evidence from Animal Studies.
Animal studies- Evidence from these studies show that animals do not always attach to caregiver who provides food. For e.g Harlows monkeys preferred the cloth mother who provided comfort over the wire mesh mother who provided food.
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What does evidence from the animal study suggest?
Suggests that comfort is far more important than food for the basis of attachment.
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Who investigatesd early childhood interactions?
Schaffer and Emerson-Glasgow Babies, Paquette- Role of Fathers
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What was Schaffer and Emersons Aim and Method?
Aim- was to see at which age an attachment is formed and how intense it is. Method- studied 60 babies from a working class area of Glasgow.
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What were Schaffer and Emersons stages of attachment?
1) Stranger Anxiety 2) Separation Anxiety 3) Social Referencing
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What is social referencing?
The degree to which the child looks at the carer to check how they should respond to something new.
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What were Schaffer and Emersons stages of attachment in the results?
Asocial- responds to all stimuli, Indiscriminate Attachment- don't discriminate against anybody. Specific Attachment-only forms attachment to one specific person at 7 months, separation and stranger anxiety at peak. Multiple Attachment- siblings etc
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Evaluations of Schaffer and Emerson.
Unreliable result beause mother was asked to wirte resulst in a diary, so there could be social desirability bias as the mother may be reluctant to report negative behaviours. The observations are subjective researchers- mothers.
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Another evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson.
Home is safe place so it can't be applied to social context. So you don't know how the baby will act outside the house.
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Another evaluation of Schaffer and Emerson.
Only studied working class families in Glasgow so it can't be generalised to other classes and countries. Makes it unreliable.
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What did Paquette investigate?
The Role of Fathers- found that fathers are more likely to encourage their toddlers to engage in riskier behaviours than the mother. Fathers are more likely to structure talk around active play whereas a mothers talk is primarily soothing.
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What did Lamb find?
Lamb found that children prefer interacting with the father when in a positive mood and prefer interacting with the mother during times of distress. Supports the idea that fathers are preferred as playmates.
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Evaluation of the Role of the Father.
children with secure attachments with their fathers are more likely to have better relations with peers, less behaviour problems and regulated mood. This shows the positive influence fathers can have.
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What was the aim of Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Experiment?
Aim- was to study the mechanisms by which rhesus monkeys form attachments to their mothers.
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What was the first condition of Harlow's experiment?
1st- Monkeys were isolated from brith for about a year and then put them back withe other monkeys to see the effect of having failed to form an attachment on behaviour.
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What was the results of the first condition?
The monkeys engaged in bizarre behaviour such clutching themselves and rocking back and forth compulsively. They got aggressive towards other monkeys- unable to socialise. Also indulged in self mutilation
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What was the conclusion of the first condition?
Never forming an attachment is permanentley damaging, the extent of abnormal behaviourwas effected by the length of isolation. So those isolated for 3 months were the least affected whereas those isolated for a year never recovered.
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What was the second condition of Harlows monkeys?
These monkeys were kept in a cage with a cloth mother who was used for comfort and a wire mother who provided food.
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What was the results of the second condition?
The monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mesh mother despite it providing food. If a scary object was placed in the cage monkeys would seek refuge in the cloth mother. They also felt more comfortable exploring with the cloth mother.
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What are the approaches in psychology?
Behaviourist Approach, Biological Approach, Cognitive Approach and Social Learning Theory.
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What does the Behaviourist Approach suggest?
Suggests that behaviour is learned from the experiences a person has had.
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What are the key concepts of the behaviourist approach?
Stimulus- anything internal or external that brings about a response. Response- reaction to the stimulus. Reinforcement- strengthening of the responsive behaviour.
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Give two basic assumptions of the Behaviourist Approach.
1) Behaviour is learned from experiences. 2) Only observable behaviour can be measured scientifically; thought processes are too subjective and difficult to test.
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What are the main researchers in the behaviourist approach?
Pavlov- Dogs, Watson- Little Albert, Skinner- Skinners Box
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What are the main points of the Behaviourist Approach and who supports them?
Classical conditioning- Pavlov (dogs), Watson (Little Albert) and Operant conditioning- Skinners (Skinners Box)
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What did Pavlov study?
Pavlovs Dogs-
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Card 5

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In Classical Conditioning what happens after conditioning?

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