psychology

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aim
the researchers area of interest
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bar chart
a graph that shows the data in the form of categories
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behavioural categories
key behaviours or, collections of behaviour, that the researcher conducting the observation will pay attention to and record
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case study
in- depth investigation of a single person, group or event, where data are gathered from a variety of sourced and by using several different methods
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closed questions
questions where there are fixed choices of responses eg yes/no. they generate quantitative data
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co- variables
the variables investigated in a correlation
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concurrent validity
comparing a new test with another test of the same thing to see if they produce similar results. if they do then the new test has concurrent validity
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confidentiality
participants have the right to expect that all data collected during a research study will remain private and anonymous. (unless agreed beforehand)
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confounding variable
an extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV so we cannot be sure of the true source of the change to the DV
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content analysis
technique used to analyse qualitative data which involves coding the written data into categories- converting qualititative data to quantitative data.
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control group
a group that is treated normally and gives us a measure of how people behave when they are not exposed to the experimental treatment
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controlled observation
an observation study where the researchers control some variables- often takes place in laboratory
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correlational analysis
a mathematical technique where the researcher looks to see whether scores for two covariables are related
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counterbalancing
a way of trying to control for order effects in a repeated measures design, eg. half the participants do condition A followed by condition B and the other half do B followed by A.
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covert observation
also known as an undisclosed observation as the participants do not know their behaviour is being observed
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critical value
the value that a test statistic much reach in order for the hypothesis to be accepted
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debriefing statement
after completing the research, the true aim is revealed to the participant. aim of debriefing = to return the person to the state they were in before they took part.
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deception
involves misleading participants about the purpose of a study.
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demand characteristics
occur when participants try to make sense of the research situation they are in and try to guess the purpose of the research or try to present themselves in a good way.
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dependent variable
the variable that is measured to tell you the outcome
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descriptive statistics
analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way
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directional hypothesis
a one- tailed hypothesis that states the direction of the difference or relationship (eg boys will be more helpful than girls)
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dispersion measure
a dispersion measure shows how a set of data is spread out, examples are the range and the standard deviation
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double blind control
participants are not told the true purpose of the research and the experimenter is also blind to at least some aspects of the research design.
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ecological validity
the extent to which the findings of a research study are able to be generalized to real- life settings
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ethical guidelines
these are provided by the BPS- they are the 'rules' by which all psychologists should operate, including those carrying out research
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ethical issues
there are 3 main ethical issues that occur in psychological research- deception, lack of informed consent, and lack of protection for participants
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evaluation apprehension
participants behaviour is distorted as they fear being judged by observers
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event sampling
a target behaviour is identified and the observer records it every time it occurs
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experimental group
the group that recieved the experimental treatment (eg sleep deprivation)
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external validity
whether it is possible to generalise the results beyond the experimental setting
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extraneous variable
variables that if not controlled may affect the DV and provide a false impression than an iv has produced changes when it hasnt.
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face validity
simple way of assessing whether a test measures what it claims to measure which is concerned with face value- eg, does an IQ test look like it tests intelligence.
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field experiment
an experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the experimenter manipulates the IV and measures the DV
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histogram
a graph that is used for continuous data (eg test scores) there should be no space between the bars because the data is continuous.
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hypothesis
this is a formal statement or prediction of what the researcher expects to find. it needs to be testable.
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independent groups design
an experimental design where each participants only takes part in one condition of the IV
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independent variable
the variable that the experimenter manipulates
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inferential statistics
inferential statistics are ways of analysing data using statistical tests that allow the researcher to make conclusions about whether a hypothesis was supported by the results.
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informed consent
psychologists should ensure that all participants are helped to understand fully all aspects of the research before they agree to take part
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inter-observer reliability
the extent to which two or more observers are observing and recording behaviour in the same way
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internal validity
in relation to experiments, whether the results were due to manipulation of the IV rather than other factors such as extraneous variables or demand characteristics.
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interval level data
data measured in fixed units with equal distance between points on the scale
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investigator effects
these result from the effects of a researchers behaviour and characteristics on an investigation.
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laboratory experiment
an experiment that takes place in a controlled environment where the experimenter manipulates the IV and measures the DV
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longitudinal research
a study conducted over a long period of time
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matched pairs design
an experimental design where pairs of participants are matched on important charcateristics and one member allocated to each condition of the IV
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mean
a measure of centeral tendency calculated by adding all the scores in a set of data together and dividing by the total number of scores
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measures of centeral tendency
a measurement of data that indicates where the middle of the information lies, eg mean, median or mode
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median
measure of centeral tendency calculated by arranging scores in a set of data from lowest to highest and finding the middle score
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mode
measure of centeral tendency which is the most frequently occuring score in a set of data
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natural experiment (quasi)
an experiment where the change in the iv already exists rather than being manipulated by the experimenter
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naturalistic observation
an observation study conducted in the environment where the behaviour would normally occur
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negative correlation
a relationship exists between two covariables where as one increases, the other decreases.
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nominal level data
frequency count data that consists of the number of participants falling into categories. (eg 7 people passed their driving test first time, 6 didnt)
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non- directional hypothesis
a two tailed hypothesis that does not predict the direction of the difference or relationship (eg girls and boys are different in terms of helpfullness)
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normal distribution
an arrangement of a data that is symmetrical and forms a bell shaped pattern where the mean, median and mode all fall in the centre at the highest peak
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observed value
the value that you have obtained from conducting your statistical test
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observer bias
occurs when the observers know the aims of the study or the hypotheses and allow this to knowledge to influence thier observations
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open questions
questions where there is no fixed response and participants can give any answer they like
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operationalising variables
this means clearly describing the variables (IV and DV) in terms of how they will be manipulated (IV) or measured (DV)
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opportunity sample
a sampling technique where participants are chosen because they are easily available
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order effects
order effects can occur in a repeated measures design and refers to how the positioning of tasks influences the outcome eg practice effect or boredom effect on second task
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ordinal level data
data that is capable of being put into rank order
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overt observation
participants give consent and are aware they are being watched
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participant observation
the researcher actually joins in with the group
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peer review
other psychologists check work before it is published
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pilot study
practice study to find problems
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positive correlation
a relationship exists between two covariables where as one increases, so does the other
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primary data
info the researcher has collected themselves
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probability
how likely something is to happen
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protection of participants
participants should be protected from both physical and psychological harm
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qualititative data
words, subjective data
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self report
data collection technique where participants answer the questionnares themselves
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secondary data
data collected by other researchers
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semi- structured interview
interview that has some pre-determined questions but the interveiwer can develop more
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sign test
a statistical test used to analyse the direction of differences of scores between the same or matched pairs of subjects under two experimental conditions
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significance
if the result of a statistical test is significant it is highly unlikley to have occurred by chance
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single- blind control
participants are not told the true purpose of the research
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skewed distribution
an arrangement of data that is not symmetrical as data is clustered to one end of the distribution
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snowball sample
this relies on referrals from initial participants to generate additional participants
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social desirability bias
participants behaviour is distorted as they modify this in order to be seen in a positive light.
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standard deviation
a measure of the average spread of scores around the mean. the greater the standard deviation the more spread out the scores are.
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standardised instructions
the instructions given to each participant are kept identical- to help prevent experimenter bias.
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standardised procedures
in every step of the research all the participants are treated in exactly the same way and so all have the same experience.
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stratified sample
a sampling technique where groups of participants are selected in proportion to their frequency in the target population
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quantitative data
numbers, patterns and trends
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quasi experiment
an experiment often conducted in controlled conditions where the IV simply exists so there can be no random allocation to the conditions
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questionnare
a set of written questions that participants fill in themselves
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quota sampling
like stratified sampling, but those selected are on a opportunity basis
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random sampling
like names out of a hat
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range
a measure of dispersion which involves subtracting the lowest score from the highest.
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reliability
whether something is consistent. in the case of a study, whether it is replicable.
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repeated measures design
an experimental design where each participants takes part in both/all conditions of the IV
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representative sample
a sample that closely matches the target population as a whole in terms of key variables and characteristics
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right to withdraw
participants should be aware that they can leave the study at any time
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sample
a group of people that are drawn from the target population to take part in a research investigation
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scattergram
used to plot correlations where each pair of values is plotted against each other to see if there is a relationship between them
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structured interview
interview where the questions are fixed
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structured observations
an observation study using predetermined coding scheme to record the participants behaviour
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systematic sample
a sampling technique where every nth person in a list is selected
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target population
the group that the researchers draws the sample from and wants to be able to generalise the findings to
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test- retest reliabilty
involves presenting the same participants with the same test or questionnare on two seperate occasions ans seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two
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time sampling
a way of sampling the behaviour that is being observed by recording what happens in a series of fixed time intervals
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unstructured interview
also known as a clinical interview, there are no fixed questions just general aims and it is more like a conversation
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unstructured observation
observation where there is no checklist so every behaviour is written down
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validity
whether something is true- measures what it sets out to measure
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volunteer sample
a sampling technique where participants put themselves forward to take part
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validity
whether something is true- measures what it sets out to measure
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volunteer sample
a sampling technique where participants put themselves forward to take part
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a graph that shows the data in the form of categories

Back

bar chart

Card 3

Front

key behaviours or, collections of behaviour, that the researcher conducting the observation will pay attention to and record

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

in- depth investigation of a single person, group or event, where data are gathered from a variety of sourced and by using several different methods

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

questions where there are fixed choices of responses eg yes/no. they generate quantitative data

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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