Features that inform participants about the aim and can influence their behaviour or results. Can be reduced by single blind technique and double blind technique
Demand Characteristics
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the “thing” that is being measured in the experiment (there can be more than one!).
Dependent Variable
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How well a study can be related or reflects everyday real life situations
Ecological Validity
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Set of guidelines that psychologists should follow- participants should not be embarrassed, have loss of self-esteem, changing a person etc.
Ethics
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When the researcher records an event every time it happens
Event Sampling
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predicts that one variable will affect another
Alternative Hypotheses
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another variable that could potentially influence the dependent variable
Extraneous Variable
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An experiment that s carried out in the natural environment (real world situation) - IV is still manipulated
Field Experiment
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a testable statement or a prediction
Hypotheses
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This involves using different participants in each condition
Independent Measures Design
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the variable manipulated by the experimenter to see what affect it has on the dependent variable
Independent Variable
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Involves comparing or correlating the observations of two or more observers and checking for consistency
Inter-rater reliability
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An experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions- IV is being manipulated
Lab Experiment
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This involves using different but similar participants in each condition. E.g. both groups are matched on IQ and age.
Matched Pairs Design
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Usually used in lab studies to give the impression that the task is real to increase validity and see how people would truly react to a situation.
Mundane Realism
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An experiment where the IV is not manipulated by the researcher but occurs naturally- carried out to compare the effectiveness of the two different styles.
Natural/Quasi Experiment
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Data in separate categories such as number of runners that finished a marathon
Nominal Data
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Data that is measured using public unit of measurement such as the times in which the runners finished the marathon
Interval Data
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The 'no effect' hypotheses; one which has no difference between the variables that are measured
Null Hypotheses
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The person who is observing is influenced by expectations. E.g. only focusing on what they want to say.
Observer Bias
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selecting those subjects who are around and available at the time
Opportunity Sampling
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Constant errors that arise as a result of the order in which conditions or levels of the independent variable are experienced by the participants
Order Effects
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Data that is ordered such as order of runners that finished marathon- 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc
Ordinal Data
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isn't numerical data and is gained through observations, interviews and case studies. For example, learning the history of a participant
Qualitative Data
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is numerical data which can be analysed statistically, through the use of tables, graphs etc
Quantitative Data
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when every member of a target population has an equal chance of being selected.
Random Sampling
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This is an argument saying that we can explain behavior and experiences by reference to only one factor, such as physiology or learning and is usually used as a weakness throughout the core studies
Reductionism
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Refers to how consistent a measuring device is
Reliability
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This involves using same participants in each condition of an experiment. E.g. everyone reads words in English and French
Repeated Measures Design
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Where people volunteer to take part in a study
Self-Selected Sampling
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Any feature of the experiment which could influence the participant’s behaviour
Situational Variable
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When participants answer in a way to portray themselves in a good light.
Social desirability
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When the researcher decides on a time say 5 seconds and then records the behaviour every 5 seconds
Time Sampling
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Has no prediction of the direction of the effect; the results could go both ways
Two-Tailed Hypotheses
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When a study measure or examines what it’s meant to measure
Valid
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the “thing” that is being measured in the experiment (there can be more than one!).
Back
Dependent Variable
Card 3
Front
How well a study can be related or reflects everyday real life situations
Back
Card 4
Front
Set of guidelines that psychologists should follow- participants should not be embarrassed, have loss of self-esteem, changing a person etc.
Back
Card 5
Front
When the researcher records an event every time it happens
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