A- Psychodynamic Approach

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What is Hypnotic?
Trance like state
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What is a Catharsis?
Talking cure
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What is Free Association?
Saying whatever comes to your mind
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What is the first assumption?
Influences of childhood experiences
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What is Frustration?
Stage has not been resolved due to needs not being met
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What is Libido?
Sexual desires
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What is Overindulgence?
Needs of a child have been more than satisfied leading to too comfortable to move to the next stage
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What is Frustration?
When you are stuck (fixed) in a stage as the sexual drives are not met
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Oral Stage (Up to 18 months)
Sources of pleasure in the mouth: sucking, chewing, swallowing and biting. Happens in the key events such as breastfeeding, weaning onto solid good. Frustration= being pessimist,envy and sarcastic. Overindulgence= Optimistic, gullible and needy
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Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years)
Source of pleasure is in the anus when withholding, expelling and playing with faeces Key events = potty training. Frustration= stubborn, possessive and overly tidy. Overindulgence= messy, disorganisation
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Phallic Stage (3 to 5 years)
Source of pleasure in genitals: masturbation. Key events: Oedipus and Electra complex leading to superego and gender identity. Outcome fixation= Self assured, vain, sexuality problems, difficulties building and maintaining relationships
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What is Oedipus Complex?
Unconsciously, boys love their mothers = hate their fathers for being with their mother (rivals) . Resolved by becoming like father to gain mothers attention as they fear castration
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What is Electra complex?
Unconsciously, girls love their fathers = hate their mothers for being with their fathers (rivals). Resolved by girl becoming like mother to gain affection from father as she has a penis envy.
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Latency stage (5 years to puberty)
There is little or no sexual motivation so no source of pleasure. Key events: acquiring knowledge and understanding of the world. There are no fixations due to no pleasure focus
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Genitals stage Puberty onwards
Source of pleasure in the genitals: heterosexual intercource. Outcome fixation= well-developed adult personality, well adjusted (it complexes during phallic stage are resolved)
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What is assumption 2?
The unconscious mind
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What is the Unconscious?
Not logical part of the brain
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What is the Conscious?
Logical part of the brain
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What is the Preconscious / Subconscious?
Much of what goes on inside the mind lies under the surface
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What is Displacement?
Transfer of impulse from one person/object to another
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What is Regression?
Respond to trauma by behaving in an immature way
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What is Projection?
Undesirable thoughts are attributed to someone else
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What is Repression?
Pushing painful memories deep down into your unconscious mind, so they are effectively forgotten
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What is Sublimation?
Transfer of negative emotion into positive action
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What is Denial?
Denie it
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What is rationalisation?
Rationalising actions, making excuses
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What is assumption 3?
The triparty personality
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What is the Id?
Governed by pleasure principle. Impulsive and presents at birth. Demands immediate satisfaction.
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What is the Ego?
Governed by reality principle Rational part of the brain that develops at 2 Works on realistic ways to balance the demands of the id and superego
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What is the Superego?
Governed by morality principle Moral sense of right and wrong and forms at the age of 4 Seeks civilised behaviour and is learnt through identification of parents
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What is Component 1 of dream analysis?
Dreams as wish fulfillment
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What is the theory of Dreams as wish fulfillment?
Protect the dreamer but let some of the id out
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What is component 2 of dream analysis?
The symbolic nature of dreams
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What is Latent content?
Real meaning of the dream
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What is Manifest content?
Symbols of the dream
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What is component 3 of dream analysis?
Dream work
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What is Condensation?
1 dream image represents several ideas
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What is Displacement ?
Shift of emphasis from important to unimportant - trivial takes greater significance
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What is Representation?
Thoughts become visual images
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What is Symbolism?
Symbols replace actions/ people/ ideas
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What is Secondary elaboration?
narrative (story) is formed further and disguises latent content, this may be influenced by recent events
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What is component 4 of dream analysis?
Aim of the therapist
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What are the Aims of the therapist?
Make the unconscious conscious. Reveal the dream (therapist might make suggestions but only patient can uncover the real meaning)
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What did Solms (2000) in REM sleep -dreaming stage) discover?
Used PET scans and discovered: -irrational part of the brain is active -memory and motivation is active.
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Evaluation of Solms (2000) in REM sleep -dreaming stage)
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What did Hopfield et al (1983) in dream condensation discover?
Used neutral networks computers to mimic the actions of the brain and discovered: -brain deals with overloaded memory by condensing memory -supports Freud’s theory that unacceptable desires are combined and manifested through dreams.
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Evaluation of Hopfield et al (1983) in dream condensation
The neutral networks are inspired but not identical to biological neural networks in the brain as the system learns to perform tasks without being programmed so you can’t control what it learns
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Strengths of Dream Analysis (Part 1)
Can’t disprove it or prove it wrong. Therapy is subjective however it means the therapy is more tailored to the client. Guidelines prevent ethical issues. There is scientific research that proves it to be effective -Solms (2000) -Hopfield (1983).
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Strengths of Dream Analysis (Part 2)
Studies in labs are more controlled so it’s accurate and doing it to people over a period of time reduces anxiety increasing reliability.
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Weaknesses of Dream Analysis ( Part 1)
Can’t test it. Therapist’s interpretation is subjective and therapist has power as client came to get helped. Therapist might lead client to get worse in order to gain financially. Confidentiality and privacy.
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Weaknesses of Dream Analysis (Part 2)
False memory syndrome as client might believe they were abused falsely due to therapists interpretation. Therapist might reveal traumas making client worse. Hard to test as ecological validity is extremely weak
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Ethics of dream analysis
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What is the Aim of Bowlby (1944)?
To analyse the effects of separation on children referred to the child guidance clinic
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Design of Bowlby (1944)
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Participants of Bowlby (1944)
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Methodology of Bowlby (1944)
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How were participants obtained in Bowlby (1944)?
Participants were obtained via opportunity sampling ( all attended to a child guidance clinic)
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Thief group in Bowlby (1944)
44 child clients (31 boys, 13 girls, 5-17 year olds)Graded according to severity of crime -Grade 4 = stealing for +3 years (22/44 of them) -Grade 1 = stole once (4/44). Average IQ:15/44 had an IQ higher than 114 and 2/44 had an IQ lower than 85
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Control group Bowlby (1944)
Control group of 44 child clients. Were similar age,sex and IQ, emotionally distrubed. Not thieves. Mothers - Mothers of both groups were in interviews
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Procedure of Bowlby (1944) PART 1
Initial examination = 2 hours. 1- Binet scale used to assess IQ and emotional attitude was also noted. 2- Child’s mother interviewed re: early psychiatric history of the child (social worker).
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Procedure of Bowlby (1944) PART 2
3-Both psychologist and social worker reported to Bowlby (psychiatrist). 4-Bowlby interviewed both mother and child. 5-School and other reports were considered in a team discussion.
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Procedure of Bowlby (1944) PART 3
6- Therapy (for 6 months +)- Children met psychiatrist weekly. Mothers met with the social worker regularly. Detailed care histories were recorded and a diagnosis made.
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Findings of Bowlby (1944) PART 1
Bowlby identified 6 personality types:Normal- stable.Depressed-Unstable in past now depressed.Circular-Unstable now, alternating depression & over-activity.Hyperthymic-Constantly overactive.Affectionless-Lack of affection,shame.Schizoid-schizophrenic
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Findings of Bowlby (1944) PART 2
Out of the 44 thieves : 14/44 = affectionless and 12/14 had frequent separations ( 86%). 30 = not affectionless and 5/30 had frequent separations ( 17%). Out of the 44 controls: 2/44 had frequent separations ( 4%).
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Findings of Bowlby (1944) PART 3 ..................................................
Other factors: 17/44 thieves had early separations.Of 27 remaining thieves 17/27 their mothers were anxious or fussy. 5/27 had father who hated them openly.All these problems were reported by the control group so it may explain emotional disturbance
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Conclusions of Bowlby (1944) PART 1
Early childhood experiences affect later development. Damage to mother-child relationship affects development of superego ( morality principle) in this case leading to affectionless psychopathy and juvenile delinquency.
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Conclusions of Bowlby (1944) PART 2
Prolonged separations (deprivation) lead to irreversible, long-term cognitive, social and emotional difficulties for the child.
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Strengths of Bowlby (1944)
A case study is very in depth and uses different research methods (in this case interviews, tests, discussions and therapy).
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Weaknesses of Bowlby (1944)
Bowlby could’ve been biased as he has a history of separation, was brought up by nannies (mother didn’t believe in affection thought it spoiled children) and when he was 4 he was sent to boarding school so lost attachment with primary care giver.
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Ethical issues
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Social Implications PART 1
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Social Implications PART 1
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Feeding ( The mother should be the primary caregiver)
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Feeding ( The mother shouldn't be the primary caregiver)
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Freud's views ( The mother should be the primary caregiver)
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Freud's views (The mother shouldn't be the primary caregiver)
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Deprivation damage (The mother should be the primary caregiver)
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Deprivation damage (The mother shouldn't be the primary caregiver)
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Mothers not fathers (The mother should be the primary caregiver)
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Mothers nor fathers (The mother shouldn't be the primary caregiver)
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Strengths of the psychodynamic approach PART 1
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Strengths of the psychodynamic approach PART 2
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Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach PART 1
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Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach PART 2
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Card 2

Front

Talking cure

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What is a Catharsis?

Card 3

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Saying whatever comes to your mind

Back

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Card 4

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Influences of childhood experiences

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Stage has not been resolved due to needs not being met

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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