PSYCH1091 Core Areas

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The age of a mother has no bearing on the outcome of her pregnancy
Somewhat tue
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The prenatal stage is divided into
3 stages
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Teratogens include
All
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Motor development takes longer in humans because
A, B & C
4 of 117
Moro, Palmer, Rooting and Planter are all examples of
Reflexes
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Fine motor skills develop
At the same time as gross motor skills
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Bowlby’s ‘primary attachment figure’ refers to
The person most constant and sensitive in providing care
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According to Bowlby, attachment is
An innate system
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What does monotropy mean
Having one primary attachment
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The strange situation was conducted
In a laboratory playroom
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How many episodes in the strange situation study
8
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What is the term used to describe the infants behaviour when the parent leaves the room
Separation anxiety
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At what stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory is object permanence said to develop
Sensory-motor
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What is the last of the 5 senses to develop
Vision
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Gibson’s visual cliff study is predominantly used to illustrate
Depth perception
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Self concept is
Knowledge of who you are
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A developmental shift in the emergent psychological dimension of self is thought to occur at age
7
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Why is self-recognition important?
All of them
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In relation to developmental psychology, what is 'development'?
change over time
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what is 'lifespan development'
change from conception to death
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what is the main focus of the psychoanalytic therory
unconscious mind
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according to early behaviourism, how do we develop skills and abilities
learn by association
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what is imprinting?
innate bonding between some animals and the first moving object they see
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What was the first 'stage', according to Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development?
sensori-motor
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The three mountains task is a classic assessment of what?
egocentric thinking and perspective taking
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What term is used to describe a child's understanding that when an object or liquid changes shape (e.g., is squashed, or poured into a different container), it's underlying weight, shape, or mass does not change?
conservation
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According to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what is the 'Zone of Proximal Development'?
The skills/tasks that a child is currently unable to complete alone, but can complete with support from a more competent individual
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What was the key advance in thinking introduced by Piaget and Vygotsky, which was previously not considered by behaviourists?
The understanding that children are actively involved in their own development
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What is the name of the original theory that first described learning via observations of other people's behaviours, and the consequences of those behaviours?
Social Learning Theory
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In the 1970s, Bronfenbrenner described child development as occurring within a complex, multi-level environment; what did he term this environment?
an ecological system
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According to famous philosopher John Locke, what is the most important factor in determining our development, knowledge, and abilities?
Experience
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What factor is at the core of the nature/nurture debate?
the origin/cause of our development, skills and abilites
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If the 'nature' perspective is supported in the nature/nurture debate, what is the purpose of a prison?
To punish the individual and protect society
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What was the significance of the findings of McGraw's study of twins Johnny and Jimmy in 1935?
Environmental input (stimulation) was manipulated to be different for each twin; the observed similarity in development of the two twins over time highlighted the influence of innate predisposition on motor development.
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What is one of the major criticisms of historic debates in developmental psychology?
The assumption that sides of a debate are mutually exclusive and you must choose one side or the other.
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Epigenetics is the study of...?
Environmentally induced/influenced changes to a person's gene expression
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What is the significance of epigenetics to developmental psychological theory?
Epigenetics demonstrates the interaction between biology and environment in shaping development and shows that it is not possible or sensible to separate the two.
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Why have stage theories of development seen a decline in support/popularity since the 1970s?
Empirical evidence has suggested that they are inadequate in accounting for the true amount of variability in human development.
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The idea that all cognitive skills and abilities are controlled/determined by the same, limited set of mental mechanisms is known as a ________________ perspective?
Domain general
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When data are collected from two or more groups, but only on one occasion; what type of study design is this?
Cross-sectional
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Why is it important to carefully consider and select appropriate research methods when studying children?
To ensure the data that we collect are as valid and reliable as possible
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What is the major benefit of longitudinal research in comparison to cross-sectional research?
It is possible to assess change over time in a single sample in a longitudinal study, but not in a cross-sectional study
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When would a case study be a useful study design?
When you want to collect in-depth information about an unusual person or event
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Is a cross-sectional study, which compares development at 3 different ages, a within-participants or a between-participants design?
Between-participants
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What is a 'birth cohort'?
A sample of people who were all born in the same year
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What is the biggest limitation of cross-sectional study designs for studying child development?
It is only possible to look at how children differ on average at different ages and developmental stages
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What is the major benefit of using physiological/biological data collection techniques such as brain scanning and eye tracking?
Physiological techniques provide objectively measurable (i.e., reliable and unbiased) data
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Patient with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty ____.​
speaking
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Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty ____.​
understanding speech
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what is the name of the area at the back of the brain
occipitial lobe
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The view of the brain from above is
dorsal
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Phrenologists tried to localise brain functions based on:
the bumps and shape of the skull
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Axon could be described as:
long tube structure covered by myelin coating tht transports information from soma to terminal buttons.
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Astrocytes can be described as:
'star cells' that hold neurons in place and provide nourishment for neurons.
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Central nervous system is comprised of:
the brain and spinal cord.
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The Sympathetic Nervous System:
increases heart rate and respiration.
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The white matter __:
includes mostly communication tracts (axons)
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Neurotransmitter that is important for formation of new long-term memories is called:
acetylocholine
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Calcium triggers:
fusion of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic membrane.
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The resting potential of a typical neuron is about:
-70mV
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Organic ions can cross the membrane____.
never
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Diffusion is ionic force that____.
move molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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Damage to both ___ can lead to loss of colour vision.
V4s
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Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) ______.
sends visual information to the occipital cortex.
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'Where' pathway is_____.
a dorsal pathway leading from primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe.
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Rods are photoreceptors that are important for:
vision in black & white
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Information from each eye crosses over in _______.
optic chiasm
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Agnosia is______.
an inability to interpret perceived visual stimuli
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Patients with apperceptive visual agnosia_____.
can't draw and copy objects
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Patients with associative visual agnosia can't:
name the object they see
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Agnosia can occur after damage to the:
visual association areas
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what is the first step in creating cross- modal correspondences?
structural regularities
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The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.
Basal ganglia
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Mirror neurons are located in_____ and_____.
premotor cortex, inferior parietal cortex
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The premotor cortex____.
Is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
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What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?
cardiac
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If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the ____.
Cerebellum
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Gould and co-workers (1998) showed that ____.
short periods of stress experienced by monkeys have an effect on reduced number of neurons in the hippocampus
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Candia et al (2003) measured changes in motor maps in the brain of musicians. They found that_____.
musicians who experienced dystonia had distorted motor maps
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More than ____ of patients experience 'phantom pain' after amputation.
50%
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An important structure for neurogenesis in adult human brain is____.
hippocampus
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Anterograde amnesia is to ____ as retrograde amnesia is to ____.
inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events
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After his surgery, H.M. had the most difficulty with ____.
being able to define new English words
83 of 117
H.M. was able to learn and remember ____.
skills like mazes and puzzles​
84 of 117
Patient J.K. had problems with_____.
remembering how to perform simple tasks such as switching lights on/off
85 of 117
the 'validity' of a scz diagnosis is
the extent to which the diagnosis and classification techniques measure what they are designed to measure
86 of 117
what did gottesman 1991 find
genetic similarity and shared risk of scz are closely related
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one limitation of the neural correlate explanation of scz
mainly based on correlation evidence
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a symptom of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
facial twitching
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how do dopamine antagonists work?
block dopamine receptors
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Self-scheme is made out of
Self concepts
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Self awareness is the process of being aware of
All of them
92 of 117
The process which motivates us to accurately know ourselves is called
Self-assessment
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An example of group entitativity antecedent would be
All of them
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According to Johnson and Johnson 1987 definition of a social group, which isn’t a group
Cinema audience
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According to Tuckman’s 1965 phases of group formation, the members are allowed to question their roles and responsibilities in the ______ phase and work together towards the task in _____ phase
Storming; performing
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Members of the in-group that stray from the norm are called:
Black sheep
97 of 117
No good comes from straying from the group
Flase
98 of 117
In social loafing, low evaluation apprehension facilitates performance on ........ tasks and inhibits performance on ....... tasks
Difficult; easy
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Modern experience of deindividuation process propose not the loss of identify and self awareness but.....
Focus on social identity and group norms
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The tendency to conform to the perceived norms of the group in making a decision because we want the like-minded people to like us is called
Normative influence
101 of 117
The main reason for conformity in Sheif’s 1935/1937 studies is....
Uncertainty
102 of 117
Criticisms of Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment did not include
All are valid criticisms
103 of 117
Informational influence is motivated by the desire to be .....
Right
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A person is less likely to resist social influence if:
Personal freedom is threatened
105 of 117
Which criticism wa put forth by manning et all 2007 about Kitty Genovese? 1. It is questionable if there was 38 witnesses. 2. People were used to hearing disturbances
Both statements are true
106 of 117
Bateson’s 1987 main argument about true altruism is that it is
Motivated purely by empathic concern
107 of 117
Animals sharing food with relatives is an example of
Reciprocal altruism
108 of 117
An example of commons dilemma would be
Depletion of fish stocks
109 of 117
attitude object is
something that the attitude is about
110 of 117
Aligning your feelings and behaviours to that of your preferred political party is an influential consequence of
Ideologies
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According to Heider’s (1958) Balance Theory, whether your new attitude about the attitude object is positive or negative will depend on:
The attitude of your close friend
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Attitude-congruent behaviour becomes automatic when it is repeated through
Social pressure
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Theory of planned behaviour assumes that the behaviour is under the individual’s ...... control
Conscious
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Attitudes always predict behaviour
Flase
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Festinger and Carlsmoth’s 1959 conclusion was that to deal with the attitude-behaviour inconsistency, participants
Changed their attitudes
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According to Bem’s 1967 self-perception theory, we can infer our attitudes from..
Our values
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Card 2

Front

The prenatal stage is divided into

Back

3 stages

Card 3

Front

Teratogens include

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Motor development takes longer in humans because

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Moro, Palmer, Rooting and Planter are all examples of

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Preview of the front of card 5
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