PSY1003 cognitive psychology

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When we focus on a single task or a single piece of information we are engaging in?
Selective attention
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If you are in the middle of a conversation and your name is called out you are likely to have your attention draw to this, what is this called?
The cocktail party phenomena
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Whose model of attention proposes that only the physical characteristics of speech can ve detected on an unattended message when carrying out a shadowing task?
Broadbent (1958)
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Kahnemans model of attention includes the concept of enduring dispositions. Enduring dispositions are?
Features of an object within a stimulus or environmental that draw ones attention
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The ponzo illusion is believed to occur due to errors in;
Convergence
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The laws of pragnanz, similarity and continuity are known collectively as;
Visual laws of perception
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The founder of behaviourism was
Ivan pavlov
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At the end of the classical conditioning process the neutral stimulus will have become
The conditioned response
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Negative reinforcement;
Increases the probability of a response occuring
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A well defined problem is;
A problem with a clear and simple goal where the problem solver has the means to solve it
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Thorndikes law of exercise proposes;
That responses formed in previous situations are more likely to be repeated when a similar situation arises
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The 'ha ha' effect is also known as
Insight
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What is a valid conclusion for the following conditional arguments if it is raining then I will take my umbrella; i have not taken my umbrella therefore
It is not raining
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Watson devised the selection tass, participants found the task very difficult to solve. Watsons earliest explanation of ths finding was called
Conformation bias
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Tversky and Kahneman developed an approach to decision making known as;
Heuristics and biases
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Visual information can be kept in the iconic store for approximately;
0.5 seconds
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According to attkinson and shiffrin how is material kept in the short term memory?
Using maintenance rehearsal
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Short term memory is most associated with what form of forgetting
Displacement
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The level of processing theory proposes that
The depth of encoding determines if the information will be remembered
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The memory for events that happen to you in your life is called
Eposodic memory
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The concept which suggests it is better to recall information in the same place that you learnt the information is called the;
Encoding specificity principle
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The typicality effect demonstrates
The more common items in a category are responded to moe quickl than less common items in the category
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Research with individuals who show exceptional memory ability suggests
Exceptional memory ability requires many hours of practice
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The notion that it is best to recall less but more cruel information from memory is called
The correspondence metaphor
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When visiting a restaurant one may use a _____ in order to follow the appropriate sequence of actions
Script
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Thinking involving physical movements as in sports or dance is called
Motoric thought
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The strong linguistics relativity hypothesis suggests
Language determines thought
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The grammatical rules for placing words of a sentence in order are called the ______ of a language
Semantics
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Chomskys theory of language acquisition is called
Transformational gramar
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What is cognitive psychology?
Internal processes involved in making sense of the environment
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What are the research methods used in cognitive psychology?
Cognitive neuropsychological, introspection, naturalstic and cognitive modelling
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When was the cognitive revolution
1956
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What is a sensation?
The stimulus detection process by which our sense organs respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses
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Who developed structuralism?
Wundt
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What does structuralism seek?
To understand the structure of the mind by analysing perceptions into separate components
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What did titchener (1990) believe experience could be reduced to?
Sensation, images and affections
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What is the evaluation of structuralism?
Simple, decompositional, does not explain interactions between sensations, cannot determine if whole is different to sum of its parts
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What does gestalt psychology believe?
The whole of the brain is different to the sum of its parts
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What did wertheimer (1912) develop?
The grouping principles linked to the laws of proximity and laws of proximity, objects can be grouped together
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What did rock and palmer (1990) do?
Further developed grouping so that large areas can be seen as regions
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That is the evaluation of gestalt psychology?
Stood the test of time, relies on introspection, does not explain perception, grouping is bottom up
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What is constructivism?
Using knowledge and experience to construct the images we see
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Who suggested the misapplied constancy theory?
Gregory (1966))
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What is the evaluation for constructivism?
Wide range of phenomena discovered, predicts perception in error, not clear on the hypothesis being made
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What is learning?
A process whereby which experience produce a relatively enduring and adaptive change to an organisms capacity for behaviour
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What is habituation?
Learning to ignore a familiar stimulus
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What is classical conditioning?
Associative learning where a stimulus is paired with a response
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What is operant conditioning?
Associative learning in which a stimulus is Pared with and then followed by a response
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What is complex learning?
Learning that involves more than forming associations
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Who is the main theorist in behaviourism?
Pavlov
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When does operant conditioning occur?
When a response is reinforced to produce a response
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What is problem solving defined as?
Behaviour exhibited when an organism has a goal but does not know how to solve it
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What is reproductive problem solving
Using prior experience to solve a problem
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What are the empirical approaches to studying problem solving?
Observation, recording and using verbal protocols
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What is associationism?
Mental life can be explained by ideas and associations
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What are Aristotles 3 laws to associations?
Contiguity, similarity, contrast
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Who was the first to study thought experimentally?
Wundt
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What did selz (1913) suggest?
Thinking occurs as organised complexes or wholes
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What does the law of exercise suggest?
Responses previously practiced are more likely to be performed if the situation is presented again
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what is the law of effect?
Responses that do not help solve a problem lose strength where as responses that aid the problem strengthen
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What is cognitive restructuring?
Restructuring the element of a problem so that the answer is made available
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What is insight learning?
The cognitive feeling and emotion involved in the sudden realisation to the solution of a problem
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What is reasoning?
The process of drawing conclusions from principles and evidence
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What is deductive reasoning?
Trying to reach logically certain and specific conclusions based on general premises
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What is inductive reasoning?
Trying to reach probable generalised conclusions based on specific facts or observations
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What does conditional reasoning involve?
If and then statements
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What is conformation bias?
When participants attempt to conform to a rule rather than falsify it
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What is matching bias?
Where participants make selections based on what's mentioned in the rule
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What are syllogisms?
Arguments with two premises and a conclusion
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What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb
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What is a representative heuristic?
Based on the assumption that a small sample of the population represent the whole population
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What is using the most readily available information in our memory called?
Availability heuristic
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What is memory?
The process that allows us to store, record and retrieve experiences and information
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What does memory involve?
Encoding storage and retrieval
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Who pu forward the multi store model of memory?
Attkinson and shiffrin
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What is needed for information to pass from the short term memory to the long term memory?
Rehearsal
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What is the STM's capacity?
7 +/- 2 items
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What are the forms of forgetting?
Displacement and interference
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What is the difference between anterograde and reterograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia is the result of lesions
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What are the 4 components to the working memory model?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, eposodic buffer
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What is the role of the central executive?
Plans and controls the sequence of actions
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What is the evaluation of the working memory model
Generally accepted explanation, lots of evidence to support it, advancement on multi store, role of central executive unclear, needs more research
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What is attention?
How information is selected from incoming stimulation to further processing
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What is selective focusing
Where one stimulus input is registered and others rejected
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What is divided attention
When 2 or more inputs are processed at the same time
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What is a split span procedure?
When different inputs are give to each ear
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What is shadowing?
When different inputs are give to each ear while a message is read aloud
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What is the evaluation for the filter theory?
Channel is difficult to define, doesn't explain cocktail party phenomena
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Why is the attenuation model different to the filter theory?
Switching ears is possible, bottle neck is more flexible, attention is directed to information that reaches a threshold
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what is the evaluation of the attenuation model?
Accounts for many findings, 2 stage selection, not clear on the meaning of attenuation, semantic analysis
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What is the late selection model?
All input is fully analysed but only one input is selected on the bases of the importance of the situation
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What affects how well we perform more that one task?
What we are doing and how skilled we are
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What are the strengths of everyday memory research?
High ecological validity, it studies real life situations, it answers practical applications
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What are the weaknesses of everyday memory research?
Low internal and external validity, lacks experimental rigour and has a low generalisability
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What are the three levels to autobiographical memory?
Lifetime periods, general events, event specific knowledge
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What is autobiographical memory?
Memory of the events of ones life
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What is the evaluation of autobiographical memory?
Stored in categories and organised, personality determines recall, not accurate, first time experiences are more memorable
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What is a schema?
Mental representations of past experiences,
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What is a script
Schema to with organised sequences of stereotypical actions
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What are the practical applications of everyday memory research?
Use cognitive interviews
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What are the features of a cognitive interview?
Eyewitness reinstates complete context of event, report all details, use different orders, use various perspectives
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What is episodic memory?
Includes episodes and events in your life
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What is semantic memory
Factual information we remember
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What does the levels of processing theory suggest?
The strength and persistence of emory is based on the depth of processing at the time
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What are the two types of rehearsal
Elaborative, maintenance
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What is the evaluation of the levels of processing theory?
It emphasises task and type, its flexible, nature of memory test is crucial, descriptive not explanatory
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What is the encoding specificity principle?
What is encoded for depends on the specific conditions at the time
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What does the semantic network theory suggest?
Memory is stored in a heirarchal form
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What does exceptional memory involve??
Prior knowledge and extensive practice, meaningful associations and efficient storage and retrieval.
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What is thought?
Mental activity and is cognition
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What is propositional thought?
Expresses a cognition or a claim
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What are the properties of language?
Communicative, arbitutary symbolic, structured, generative, dynamic
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What does the inquisitive relativiy hypothesis suggest?
Thought is dependent on language
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What is visual memory?
Verbal labels affect how we perceive and remember things
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What does chomsky suggest?
Language is innate
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What does piaget believe?
Thought determines language
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What does vygotsky believe?
Language has 2 aspects
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What is a phoneme?
Sounds of a language
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What is a morpheme?
Rules of combining phonemes
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What describes the rules of combing words?
Syntax
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What describes the meanings of words and phrases?
Semantics
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Card 2

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If you are in the middle of a conversation and your name is called out you are likely to have your attention draw to this, what is this called?

Back

The cocktail party phenomena

Card 3

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Whose model of attention proposes that only the physical characteristics of speech can ve detected on an unattended message when carrying out a shadowing task?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Kahnemans model of attention includes the concept of enduring dispositions. Enduring dispositions are?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

The ponzo illusion is believed to occur due to errors in;

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