6. An example of stereotype threat is when _______________ at maths when reminded of the stereotype that boys are better at the subject
boys do better
two answers are correct
girls do worse
girls do better
7. When faced with low permeability of group boundaries, what if one of the appraisals that shapesshapes further responses?
legitimacy of status differences
the degree of relative deprivation
two answers are correct
instability of status differences
8. Cognitive dissonance is
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their various attitudes) are inconsistent with each other.
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their various attitudes) are prejudiced.
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their various attitudes) are polarized.
An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people notice that their attitudes and behaviours (or their various attitudes) are negative.
9. What does the term 'social identity' refer to?
the aspect of the self that is determined by our group memberships
the process of seeing oneself as a member of a sub-group
a tendency for people to favour their own group over other groups
the belief that one's group is more important than one's individuality
10. Two models of how contact should be coducted in order to reduce prejudice are ________ and _________. While the first emphasises seeing others as individuals, the second one highlights the importance of group salience for generalisation.
extended contact hypothesis; de-categorisation model
11. The SIDE model (Reicher et al., 1995) proposes that
immersion in groups results in a loss of individuality as the normative constraints on behaviour are reduced
in crowds, rather than experiencing a loss of self, there is simply a change from personal to social identity as social identity becomes more important
behaviour in crows conforms to situational group norms, rather than being anti-normative
the phenomenon of deinviduation is less prevalent in collectivistic cultures
12. Subjective, favourable attitude towards women, chivalrous ideology that offers protection to women who embrace traditional roles is
instrumental sexism
ambivalent sexism
benevolent sexism
hostile sexism
13. Which statement is false?
fear-inducing subliminal primes are most likely to work is they threaten a person's self-worth
defensiveness to fear-inducing messages can be increased by self-affirmation
a moderate ammount of fear is optimal for fear-inducing subliminal primes to work
people engage in 'fear-control' rather than 'risk-control' when confronted with fear arousing messages, meaning that too much fear in a subliminal prime will result in denial of its relevance to onself
14. Why does the extended contact work?
it emphasises group salience
it includes cooperation towards a common goal
it results in a change in perceived group norm
it makes people more apprehensive about the outgroup
15. A key theme is social identity theory is that
people seek to differentiate their own group positively
people feel resentful that the ingroup is worse off that the outgroup
ingroup bias leads to an increase in self-esteem
groups are at constant conflict for resources
16. Strack, Martin and Stepper (1988) asked participants to watch funny cartoons whilst holding a pen between their lips or teeth. Participants rated the cartoons funnier in the ‘teeth’ condition. This is an example of
cognitive dissonance
classical conditioning
embodied social cognition
social learning
17. Early studies (e.g., Ingham et al.’s (1974) tug-of-war study) show that individuals are less effective when working with others than by themselves, because of
neither coordination loss nor social loafing
social loafing and coordination loss
coordination loss, rather than social loafing
social loafing, rather than coordination loss
18. Saying "Charlotte is better at maths than me" is
self-assessment
upward social comparison
downward social comparison
self-verification
19. What is the key difference between the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis and the Negative-State-Relief Model?
what drives helping behaviour
the role of group memership in helping behaviour
to what extent is it affected by the bystander effect
whether empathy is a skill or a trait
20. The contact hypothesis suggests that intergroup contact will reduce prejudice if
individuals meet in the home of one of the parties
people live permanently in close proximity
contact involves cooperation towards a common goal
