Protein Synthesis, RNA, Transcription and Translation

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Translation comes first. True or false?
False
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What information carrying molecule is heavily involved in protein synthesis?
RNA
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What are the two types of RNA
mRNA and tRNA
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What happens in transcription?
DNA copied into mRNA
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What happens in translation?
mRNA joins with organelle Ribosomes to start protein synthesis
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RNA transfers genetic information from ..?.. to the ..?..
DNA, Ribsomes
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how many polynucleotide strands are there in a molecule of RNA?
One
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What is the one difference between DNA's polynucleotide strand baaes and RNA's?
RNA has the base Uracil instead of Thymine
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What sugar is present in RNA's polynucleotide strand?
Ribose (instead of deoxyribose)
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What is shorter, mRNA or DNA and why?
mRNA, introns are spliced out of mRNA whereas in DNA they are kept
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When is mRNA made and what does it do?
In transcription, carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, where it is then used to make proteins during translation
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What are a group of three adjacent bases called in mRNA?
Triplet codon
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What structure is mRNA?
Single polynucleotide strand
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What process is tRNA involved in and what does it do?
Translation, carries amino acids to the ribosomes during translation
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What structure and shape is tRNA and what makes it hold its shape?
Single polynucleotide strand folded into a clover shape, Hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs within the molecule hold its shape
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What does tRNA have that is attracted to the triplet codon on mRNA and why are they attracted?
An anti-codon, they are attracted because the anti-codon has the specific complementary base pairs to the triplet codon, so they have an affinity for each other
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What else does the tRNA have towards the top of the molecule?
An amino acid bonding site
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What does the DNA do that RNA doesn't?
Long term store genetic information
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Which is smaller, DNA, mRNA or tRNA?
tRNA
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What does it mean when we say genetic code is universal?
The same 3 bases code for the same amino acid in every living organism
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What does non-overlapping mean?
No overlap between each triplet codon
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What does degenerate code mean?
There can be multiple triplet codons that code for one amino acid
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What does a stop codon do?
Signals to the ribosome to stop making protein
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How does a stop codon work?
The triplet codon on the mRNA attracts a tRNA with no amino acid, so when the tRNA is in the ribosome, it can't make a longer polypeptide chain
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What is a gene and what is the name of the place where it is located in the chromosome
Sequence of DNA bases, and the locus
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What does a gene code for?
Polypeptide or functional RNA
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What does the gene form?
The primary structure of a protein
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What order in the polypeptide chain forms the order of amino acids?
Basees
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What does 1 triplet codon code for?
1 amino acid
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What is a genome?
Complete set of genes in a cell
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What is a proteome?
Full set of proteins synthesised in the cell
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Do prokaryotes have non-coding DNA?
No
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What are the base sequences called that don't code for anything?
Introns
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What are the base sequences called that do code for something?
Exons
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Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes = nucleus, Prokaryotes = cytoplasm
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What enzyme attaches to the DNA in step 1 of transcription?
RNA polymerase
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What bonds does RNA polymerase break in the DNA?
Hydrogen bonds between polynucleotide strands
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What happens to the DNA?
It uncoils and the polynucleotide strands separate
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What is the name of the strand used to make the mRNA molecule?
Template strand
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What does RNA polymerase line up against the exposed bases of the DNA?
Specific complementary RNA nucleotides
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How do the RNA nucleotides become attracted to the template strand?
Because they are the opposite base to the base on the template strand they have the affinity for the exposed base
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Once the specific complementary nucleotides are paired, what happens?
Phosphodiester bonds are made between the RNA nuceotides
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When does the hydrogen bond reform in the DNA and it coils back up?
Just before the RNA polymerase moves along
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What codon stops more mRNA being formed?
Stop codon
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What else happens when the RNA polymerase reaches the stop codon?
The mRNA molecule detaches from RNA polymerase
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What happens before the mRNA leaves the cell in eukaryotes, and why does it not happen in prokaryotes?
Splicing of introns and rejoining of exons, doesn't happen in prokaryotes as they don't have intron in their genetic code anyways
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Where does the mRNA go now (in eukaryotes)?
Through nuclear pore and to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
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What are ribosomes complexes of?
rRNA
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How many tRNAs have a stop codon?
3
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How many tRNAs have an Amino acid?
61
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How many different tRNAs are there?
64
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What molecule goes through the ribosome?
mRNA
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When does the tRNA become attracted to the mRNA?
The anti codon is attracted to the triplet codon as the mRNA is waiting to enter the ribosome
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What releases an amino acid in the ribosome?
tRNA
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How many tRNA molecules can fit in one ribosome at a time?
Two
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What molecule is joined by polypeptide bonds and in what reaction?
Amino acids, condensation reaction
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What bonds is broken after the amino acid has been joined to the polypeptide chain, and by what reaction?
Bond between amino acid and tRNA, and hydrolysis reaction
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why must it happen in this order?
Amino acid would float off if not already joined to peptide bond before being detached from tRNA
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Does the ribosome move along the mRNA molecule or does the mRNA move?
Ribosome moves along mRNA
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What happens when the ribosome reaches the stop codon?
Polypeptide chain moves away from ribosome to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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How is ATP involved in translation?
Made in condensation reaction between polypeptide chain and amino acid and used in hydrolysis reaction between amino acid and tRNA
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Card 3

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What are the two types of RNA

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Card 4

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Card 5

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What happens in translation?

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