Profiling

?
Holmes and Holmes (1996)
Offender profiling does not solve a crime but reduces the number of suspects
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What are the three main aims of profiling?
Basic info, psychological evaluation of belongings, interviewing suggestions and strategies
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What is the top down approach based on?
Interviews with 36 murderers including ted Bundy and Charles Manson
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who did the interviews?
Hazlewood and Douglas,1980
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How does the top down approach generate a profile?
Collection of information, decision process models, uses 1 and 2 to reconstruct the series of events, work out how the victim responded and the type of criminal, hypotheses about offender, investigation and apprehension
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Who is to quote?
Ressler et al (1988)
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What is an organised offender?
Planning and control reflected in crime scene. Offender is likely to be socially competent, high IQ and employed
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What is a disorganised offender?
Crime is committed out of passion, low IQ, leaves more forensic evidence and unemployed
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Beauregard and Field (2008)
Found significant relationships between body disposal and offender characteristics.
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What is important?
Having variables such as conflictt with victims prior to the crime emphasised the MP as a dynamic process
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What does this show?
Validity in FBI profiling and statistical significance to focusing on the crime scene and MO of the criminal
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Canter 2004
Art rather than science
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What was his study?
Content analysis using psychometric method of multidimensional scaling, applied this to 100 cases to see features of typographies distinctively different
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What was found?
There were twice as many disorganised as organised crime scene actions identified, only sex acts and vaginal **** occurred in 2/3rds of disorganised crime
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What was the main finding?
There was no distinction between two types of serial murder: all crimes have organised element
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What was suggested?
Better to look at individual personality
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Ressler et al (1992) added what?
The mixed type was added to accommodate offenders who did not fit into either organised or disorganised category
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What is the bottom up approach?
Uses location of crime scene in profiling as the location is seen to be linked to the crime
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Aims to identify what?
Patterns of behaviour through looking at similarities between offences
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What does it assume?
No assumption about characteristics of the offender but assumes the offender is likely to offend in an areas well known to them
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What is canters 5 factor theory?
Time and place, Interpersonal coherence and similarity between victims, forensic evidence, criminal career, criminal characteristics
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What does Canter suggest?
The criminal sees person as either object, vehicle or person.
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What was the organised/disorganised dichotomy based on?
Small sample of interviewed sexual murderers and lacked any comparison and control group (Coleman and Norris, 2002)
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What does no comparison group mean?
Calling into question whether any of the variables are actually specific to adulthood sexual murderer perpretrators
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What did the majority of the sample not experience?
Social deviance in early years which has been found frequently in the backgrounds of sexual homocide perpetrators (Meloy et al, 2000)
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Any conclusions drawn using this dichotomy can't not be?
Generalisable across any other sample or study
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The original sample of men were identified as what?
either organised or disorganised not based on any scientific research or theoretical underpinning but on the combination of the experience and intuition of the officers involved in conducting the study (Muller, 2000)
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What was done a priori?
Intuitive separation, before any statistical tests were used to analysis the difference between the two groups, which some argue led to self fulfilling prophecy rather than a valid behavioural dichotomy (Irwin et al, 1998)
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What does the bottom up approach use?
Location of crime scene in profiling as the location is seen to be linked to the crime
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What does it aim to identify?
Patterns of behaviour through looking at similarities between offences
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What does it make no assumption about?
Characteristics of the offender but assumes the offender is likely to offend in an area well known to them
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What is Canter's 5 factor theory?
Time and place, interpersonal coherence and similarities between victims, forensic evidence, criminal career and criminal characteristic
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What does canter suggest the criminal sees?
Animal, human or vehicle
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Canter and Heritage (1990)
Identifies pattern of behaviour from similarities between offences
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What was conducted?
Content analysis of 66 sexual offences by 27 offenders from various police forces to identify 33 offence variables that link behaviour characteristic
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What was found?
All 5 aspects shown to contribute to all sexual offences but in different individuals
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5 variables were found how?
Central and all 66 cases: vaginal intercourse, victims clothing disturbed, surprise attack, no response to victim
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Can be shown when?
If two or more crimes have been committed by the same offender - real sex offences increase validity but small sample
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Carter and Larkin (1993)
87% of serial rapists live in a circle with a diameter of 2 furthest crimes, accurate representation in narrowing offenders
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Sturidsson et al (2006)
Attempted to replicate Canter and Heritage (1990) study
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What did they do?
Their development of 5 theoretical elements of sexual offence behaviours using a sample of 146 unsolved, single victim, single perpetrator sexual assault cases collected in Sweden
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The motivational dimensions initially presented by what?
Canter and Heritage using multi dimensions scaling were not replicated
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What was the problem with these?
The lack of replication could be due to differences between Sturidson et al's sample and Canter and Heritages, also sturdisson et als sample were all single offence sexual offenders, therefore not repeat sexual offenders
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John Duffy, Canter (1994)
Profiling led to Duffy's conviction for **** and murderof several women
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Duffy
Originally placed 1505th on list of 2000 suspects
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What was similarities between Duffy and profile?
Lives in Kilburn, marriage problems (separated), Loner (few friends), physically small and unattractive (5ft 4 in with acne)
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Copson (1995)
A study of offender profiling, questionnaires to police officers, results: 80% profiling useful, 14% assisted in solving case, 3% provided ID of offender
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Pinizzotto and Funkel (1990)
ARe professional profilers more accurate than lay persons, profilers, detectives, psychologists, students in their ability to write profiles of a homicide and sex offence
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What was found?
Profilers significantly more accurate on sex offence but detectives more accurate on homicide
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the three main aims of profiling?

Back

Basic info, psychological evaluation of belongings, interviewing suggestions and strategies

Card 3

Front

What is the top down approach based on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

who did the interviews?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How does the top down approach generate a profile?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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