Problem Solving 0.0 / 5 ? PsychologyCognitive PsychologyUniversityNone Created by: The ShrewCreated on: 27-01-16 16:50 3 key factors of problem solving Purposeful/ controlled processes/ specialised knowledge/ specialised operations 1 of 41 2 types of thinking Reproductive/ Productive 2 of 41 Thorndike Cats hit bar which allows them to escape- time improves over trials- operant conditioning/ trial and error 3 of 41 Kohler Apes reaching bananas using boxes and sticks- productive thinking and insight 4 of 41 Kohl Chimps reaching peanut from tube- insight 5 of 41 Cognitive behaviour theory Internal states or representation of self leads to behaviour 6 of 41 Two types of problem Ill-defined/ Well-defined 7 of 41 Problem solving as state change Start state/ goal state/ operation/ subgoal 8 of 41 Means-ends analysis How you get from present to goal state 9 of 41 Brute force Try every move possible 10 of 41 Algorithm procedure guaranteed to reach solution 11 of 41 Deep blue computer that's unbeatable at chess 12 of 41 Brute force can work if State space can be restricted 13 of 41 Heuristics Procedures that are likely to reach solution 14 of 41 Hill climbing heuristic keep going- don't know if going right way 15 of 41 Newell and Simon General Problem Solver GPS- computer program simulates mental problem solving- works for several well defined problems 16 of 41 GPS Metric that measures distance from goal 17 of 41 Simulates verbal descriptions ps gave while solving tasks 18 of 41 Sweller and Levine Maze with visible or invisible goal- invisible= 38 moves/ visible= only 10% under 298 moves- people prefer to hill climb 19 of 41 Chunking Speeds up problem solving 20 of 41 Follows power function chunk retrieval speeds up problem solving 21 of 41 Newell and Rosenbloom Power law of learning- more improvement early in training, chunks start to yield smaller improvement later on 22 of 41 Ritter et al Geometry problems- time to solution according to power function 23 of 41 Anderson et al Adaptive thought control- computer framework for simulating human thought- retrieval module (memory)/ imagination module 24 of 41 fMRI Tower of Hanoi Frontal and parietal areas= planning 25 of 41 Chase and Simon Remembering chess boards- experts quicker at real boards but not random- chunks rather than surface features 26 of 41 Ahn et al Novice clinicians more likely to think there was shared cause underlying mental distress- simpler models 27 of 41 Transfer previously learned knowledge Positive transfer/ negative transfer 28 of 41 Dunker candle, tack **** 29 of 41 Functional fixedness Negative transfer- 5 year olds don't have this 30 of 41 Bowden et al Hard to study insight- takes too long and ps don't report 31 of 41 Compound remote associations task fMRI- language in left hemisphere/ insight- right hemisphere 32 of 41 Representativity Heuristics How characteristics reflect a category- ignore base rate or how common categories are 33 of 41 Kennedy et al ADHD- commonality of 5%- ignore base rate= over diagnosis 34 of 41 Conjunction logic Two categories together less common that one- ignore this 35 of 41 Gambler's fallacy Law of small numbers, assume small samples have same distribution as whole population 36 of 41 Regression towards mean Extreme events followed by event closer to mean 37 of 41 Availability Heuristic Determining likelihood by searching memory 38 of 41 Tversky and Kahneman More English words start with K or have k as third letter- easier to retrieve words starting with k 39 of 41 Anchoring Heuristic Once judgement is made people less likely to adjust in response to data 40 of 41 Friedlander and Stockman Case study of anorexic woman- this info given later= less likely to categorise as anorexic 41 of 41
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