pop bio

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To find the rate of change of a population of predators
dNPred/dt = b(cNPrey)NPred – d(NPred
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A population no. for a species that reproduces once a year/ density independent growth
Nt = N0 * λt
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To work out fixation
Fst= (Ft-Fs)/ Ft
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What does F mean
If it's close to 0= no genetic drift. If it's close to 1= fixation, i.e. lost an allele.
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Calculate instantaneous growth of species 1 competing with species 2
dN1/dt= r1N1((K1-N1-alphaN2)/K1)
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Number of years an individual of a given age class has to live
ex = (sum (nx + nx+1 +nx +2 +….)/nx)-0.5
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Index of dispersion
Id = V/m
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2 competing species are in equilibrium, the number of species 1 are calculated by
N1= (K1-K2(alpha))/(1/(alpha)(beta)
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Calculate the instantaneous rate of cont. growth for a pop with a known carrying capacity
dN/dt= rN(1-N/k)
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Calculate the reproductive value of an age class
Vx= (the sum of)(lt/lx x bt)
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If your Chi2 calc is higher than your Chi2 crit you...
Reject H0: IT IS following HW equilibrium
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If predator isocline intercepts prey to the right of curve
Both populations stabilise
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Predator isocline intercepts prey isocline at the top of curve
Stable relationship
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Predator isocline intercepts prey isocline to the left of curve
Unstable relationship
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What's the paradox of enrichment
An increase in K for prey can create an unstable situation
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Why do we care about demographics (indivs of different ages/genders)
reproductive potentials, rates of mortality, resource requirements, rates of migration, tell us a great deal about overall pop growth.
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If a survivorship curve started at slow rate and then decreased rapidly this would be a
Type 1 mortality curve e.e. mammals
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If a survivorship curve started at a high rate and then decreased more slowly this would be a
Type 3 mortality curve e.e. insects/barnacles
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If a survivorship line steadily dropped ata constant rate this would be a
Type 2 mortality curve e.e. mice, rats, sparrows
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What's Ro
The net reproductive rate: r0= (the sum of) Lx x bx
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If R0=1
Population is not growing or declining
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If R0>1
Population is growing
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If Ro
Population is declining
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What's G?
Generation time: G= (lx x bx x x)/Ro
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What's rc?
The reproductive capacity of a population: rc= (ln(R0))/G, a good underestimate of r if we have overlapping generations
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Pros of asexual reproduction
no wasted energy looking for a mate, reduces risk of being mistaken for prey, pass on 100% of genes, works at low densities
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Cons of asexual reproduction
Lack of genetic diversity, mullers ratchet- accumulation of deleterious mutations
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Monoecious sexual reproduction
Both male and female gonads in same individual e.e. many plants
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Dioecious sexual reproduction
Individuals are either male or female
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Pros of sexual reproduction
Genetic diversity
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Cons of sexual reproduction
Really large investment into mating strategies, risk of encountering predators, risk of being mistaken for prey, only 50% of genes passed on
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Semeloparous
All offspring produced at once, usually parent dies
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Pros of being semeloparous
Max body energy into reproduction, confounds predators
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Cons of being semeloparous
Cannot compensate for a poor year
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Iteroparous
Species, once matured, produce offspring once a year
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Pros of being iteroparous
Possible parental care, compensate for a bad year
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Cons of being iteroparous
Early mortality
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"Cole's paradox"
Semeloparous species could match the net reproductive output of an iteroparous species by just producing one extra young
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r strategists
following intrinsic rate of growth e.g. mosquitos, annual plants
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k strategists
rate of growth modified by carrying capacity e.e. large mammals, perennial plants
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DNA fingerprinting
examine microsatellites in DNA for length- repeated nucleotide sequences
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Bar coding
sequencing to distinguish species
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Assumptions of HW
Random mating, no gender based variation, only sexual reproduction is responsible for assortment of alleles
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Why might a species no follow HW?
Microevolution i.e. genetic drift, gene flow, assortive mating, mutation, natural selection
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Genetic drift
statistical fluctuation in allele freq. through generations. Less evident in large populations.
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500/50 rule
500- risk of genetic drift. 50- time to give up?
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2 forms of genetic drift
1. Founder effect- small pop in new habitat. 2. Bottleneck- pop reduced to small no.
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Gene flow
immigration/emmigration that moves alleles between pops= increase in heterozygosity
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Assortive mating
"like mates with like"- drive pop into cohorts
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Mutations
Changes in nucleotide sequences- increases diversity
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Natural selection
Change in allele freq due to differential survival, decrease diversity
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Nt = N0 * λt

Back

A population no. for a species that reproduces once a year/ density independent growth

Card 3

Front

Fst= (Ft-Fs)/ Ft

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

If it's close to 0= no genetic drift. If it's close to 1= fixation, i.e. lost an allele.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

dN1/dt= r1N1((K1-N1-alphaN2)/K1)

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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