Piaget's Stages of Development

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What is the first stage of development?
Sensori-motor
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When does this occur?
0-2 years: infancy
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What is the characteristic?
Failure to differentiate between self and surrounds
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What is the second stage?
Preoperational
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When does it occur?
2-7 years
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What is the characteristic?
Mental imagery without principled thought
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What is the third stage?
Concrete operational
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When does it occur?
7-11 years: middle childhood
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What is the characteristic?
Principled thought confined to real life problems
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What is the last stage?
Formal operational
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When does it occur?
11 years onwards: adolescence and adulthood
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What is the characteristic?
principled thought applied to abstract problems
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What is a scheme or schema?
Elements of knowledge: We are born with motor schemas: reflexes such as the grasping reflex
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ASsimilation?
An infant applies a schema, such as grasping schema, to a novel task, such as grasping something else, such as a bottle
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Accommodation?
Works with assimilation, to modify the schema so it can be applied to something else
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Solipsism/adualism?
WE can not distinguish between our selves and the universe
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What is egocentrism?
Everything is about moving away from the state of egocentrism,
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Disequilibrium?
It happens when the belief that we have is not as effective as what we first hoped, if a pencil looks higher than the other pencil when they are the same length, if the person says that the bottom is actually longer than the top, disequilibrium occur
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Equilibration?
Cause the child to solve the problem,
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What is cognitive conflict?
stimulates further growth
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What is conservation?
When water is placed into A and B, which is the same, A is placed into C, and the child is asked which water is higher? the child will answer C
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What is Transitive inference?
Using a stick to find which of the two towers in tallest
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What is class inclusion?
A child is shown red and blue bricks, the child is asked, are there more red lego bricks or bricks all together? Children say there is more red bricks
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What is the four mountains task?
There are 3 mountains with different things on top of them, the child has to chose a view of the mountains on the view of another person on the opposite side, they chose the view of themselves
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What did McGarrigle and Donaldson say?
Children were misled by the question, instead they suggested there were 2 sets of counters and asked if there are the same number of counters, if they are spread out then they say there is more counters
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what did Donaldson introduce?
Naughty teddy
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What did Naughty teddy do?
Spread out the counters in one of the rows and asked the child if there are the same number of counters in the rows, Children said there were still the same number of counters
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What did donaldson conclude?
Piaget underestimated this
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What did Moore and Frye suggest?
What would happen if naughty teddy added a counter to the experiment
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What happened?
When the teddy added a counter, the children said that there was still the same number of counters,
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What does this say?
that naughty teddy didnt do anything to the counters
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What did Russell (1976) suggest?
That adults also have a problem with conservation
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What did Rai and Mitchell suggest?
that children can make inference by elimination
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How?
He gave children 3 superheros and said one of them was Murkor which one is it?
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What would the children go for?
The superhero that they didn't recognise
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What is the difficulty with class inclusion?
Are there more black steps to go to the chair or more steps to go to the table?
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What did they fin?
38% of b year olds gave the correct judgement
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What was the second question?
More steps to go to the chair or the table?
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What was suggested?
66% of 6 year olds would give a correct judgemen
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What is the first educational implication?
Most comprehensive account of development with a strong educational emphasis
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What is learning?
Individualised
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What is the child centered active learning provide?
A deeper understanding
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What are the discovery methods?
Child as the intuitive scientist, learn by themselves and concerned with process rather than the end result
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What are the problems with piagets stages of development?
Underestimate childrens abilities, object premanence in younger children, development in stages, tasks are too arbitary and out of context, little emphasis on social and emotional factors nor on abnormal development
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The most basic source of bias is the yes bias (Ackerman, 1982), which occurs while children are asked a question that requires an answer of either "yes" or "no". What is the meaning of yes bias?
Children are biased to answer "yes" irrespective of what is actually the correct answer
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What is performative bias?
There is a strong tendency for children to answer questions not verbally but by carrying out a relevant action
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In a study by Mitchell and Robinson (1992), it was discovered that children will give an accurate judgment of their state of ignorance regarding Simon's identity if?
There are no pictures infront of them
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WHat is the A not B error?
They look under Box A which they are used to rather than box B which they saw the experimenter put the toy underneath
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What is this called?
Object Premenance
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The term solipism is responsible under which stage?
Sensori-motor stage
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How many stages did Piaget recognise in infancy, sensori-motor stage?
6
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One of the reasons piaget offered for difficulty in the object concept is?
Lack of imagination
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Which of the following is a principle children use in solving the problem of conservation?
Compensation
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What is the first rule in preoperational stage?
Reversibility
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What is this?
This emerges when the child realises that an action could be reversed and certain consequences will follow from doing so
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What is identity?
Idea that for every action or operation there is another operation
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What is compensation?
A property defined by the logical consequences of combining more than one operation or more
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What are the 6 sensorimotor stages?
Simple reflexes, Primary and secondary circular reaction, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, internalisation of schemes
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When does this occur?

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0-2 years: infancy

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What is the characteristic?

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What is the second stage?

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When does it occur?

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