Physiology of Human Cells Topic 4
- Created by: saraht83
- Created on: 10-11-16 20:40
Frontal Lobe
Somatic sensory, forehead region
1 of 85
Temporal Lobe
Auditory, beside ears
2 of 85
Parietal Lobe
Top back of head
3 of 85
Occipital Lobe
Vision, bottom back of head
4 of 85
Gyrus
Ridge
5 of 85
Sulcus
Valley
6 of 85
Meninges
Membranes of the brain
7 of 85
Midbrain
Start of connection to spinal cord
8 of 85
Pons
Lots of fibres connecting two halves of cerebellum
9 of 85
Medulla Oblongata
Brain stem, connects to spinal cord
10 of 85
Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
11 of 85
Ventral Horn
Motor information out
12 of 85
Dorsal horn
Sensory information in
13 of 85
Dendrites
An important route in for information from other neurones
14 of 85
Axon Hillock
Where all the information for making action potentials is arranged
15 of 85
Axon
Takes the electron signal elsewhere
16 of 85
Glia
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
17 of 85
Astrocytes
Surround blood vessels and produce the blood brain barrier
18 of 85
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths in the CNS
19 of 85
Microglia
Phagocytic hoovers mopping up infection
20 of 85
Ependymal Cells
Line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid
21 of 85
Nernst Equation
Predicts the equilibrium potential for a single ion species
22 of 85
Depolarisation
Increase in membrane potential
23 of 85
Repolarisation
Decrease in membrane potential immediately following an increase
24 of 85
Myelination
Speeds up action potentials
25 of 85
Nodes of Ranvier
Where action potentials are evoked
26 of 85
Axo-dendritic Synapse
Axon synapses onto dendrite
27 of 85
Axo-somatic Synapse
Axon synapses onto body of cell
28 of 85
Axo-axonic Synapse
Axon synapses onto another axon
29 of 85
Potassium Channels
Ion channels that are always open
30 of 85
Fast EPSPs
Ionotropic receptor opens sodium channels
31 of 85
Slow EPSPs
Metabotropic receptor closes potassium channels
32 of 85
Fast IPSPs
Ionotropic receptor opens Cl- channels
33 of 85
Slow IPSPs
Metabotropic receptor opens potassium channels
34 of 85
Temporal Summation
Same synapse stimulated twice in a row
35 of 85
Spatial Summation
Different synapses stimulated simultaneously
36 of 85
Inhibitory Inputs
May release GABA to inhibit synapse from reaching threshold
37 of 85
Neuromuscular Junction
Synapses onto skeletal muscle, transmitter is ACh
38 of 85
Monosynaptic Reflex
Has a single synapse between afferent and efferent neurons
39 of 85
Polysynaptic Reflex
Has two or more synapses
40 of 85
Muscle Spindle Reflex
The addition of a load stretches the muscle and the spindles, causing a reflex contraction, monosynaptic
41 of 85
Alpha-Gamma Coactivation
Enables the muscle spindle to act as a stretch receptor, even if muscle is part contracted
42 of 85
Golgi Tendon Organ Reflex
Protects the muscle from excessively heavy loads by causing the muscle to relax and drop the load, polysynaptic
43 of 85
Flexion and Crossed Extensor Reflex
Painful stimulus detected, leg flexes while other extends for support
44 of 85
Motor Cortex
On the 'headband' region of the brain in between the occipital lobes and frontal lobes
45 of 85
Striatum
Caudate and putamen
46 of 85
Parkinson's Disease
Striatum and substantia nigra, resting tremor and difficulty initiating movements
47 of 85
Schizophrenia
Caused by over-activity of dopamine containing neurons
48 of 85
L-Dopa
Treatment for Parkinson's Disease, precursor of dopamine, long term use can induce psychosis
49 of 85
Barry Kidston
Tried to make synthetic opiod and accidentally created symptoms of Parkinson's
50 of 85
Inputs to Cerebellum
Proprioceptors and motor cortex
51 of 85
Outputs from Cerebellum
Spinal cord and motor cortex
52 of 85
Cerebellum
Fine tunes movements initiated by cerebral cortex
53 of 85
Brainstem
Site of integration of postural reflexes
54 of 85
Spinal Cord
Generates locomotor rhythms
55 of 85
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary, specialised junctions
56 of 85
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary, split into sympathetic and parasympathetic, less specialised junctions
57 of 85
Sympathetic Nervous System
Exits from spinal cord at T1-12 and L1-2, ganglia lie in sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia
58 of 85
Acetylcholine
Acts on cholinergic receptors
59 of 85
Cholinergic Receptors
Nicotinic or muscarinic
60 of 85
Noradrenaline
Acts on alpha or beta adrenergic receptors
61 of 85
Sympathetic Preganglionic Fibres
Release acetylcholine
62 of 85
Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibres
Release noradrenaline
63 of 85
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Exits from spinal cord in cranial and S2-S4 regions, ganglia lies close to or within the target
64 of 85
Parasympathetic Preganglionic and Postganglionic Fibres
Release acetylcholine
65 of 85
Sympathetic Eye
Activates beta2 receptors relaxing ciliary muscle and alpha1 receptors contracting radial muscle
66 of 85
Parasympathetic Eye
Activates muscarinic receptors contracting ciliary muscle and muscarinic receptors contracting sphincter muscle
67 of 85
Sympathetic Heart
Activates beta1 receptors on pacemaker cells, increasing heart rate, and beta1 receptors on myocytes, increasing contraction strength
68 of 85
Parasympathetic Heart
Activates muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells, decreasing heart rate, has little effect on myocytes
69 of 85
Sympathetic Lungs
Activates beta2 receptors on smooth muscle of airways, relaxing smooth muscle and dilating airways
70 of 85
Parasympathetic Lungs
Activates muscarinic receptors making smooth muscle contract and constricting airways
71 of 85
Sympathetic Blood Vessels
Activates alpha1 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels, conracting smooth muscle, and activates beta2 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels making smooth muscle relax
72 of 85
Parasympathetic Blood Vessels
No effect
73 of 85
Sympathetic Gut
Activates alpha/beta receptors on smooth muscle reducing gut motility, activates alpha receptors in pancreas inhibiting secretion of enzymes
74 of 85
Parasympathetic Gut
Activates muscarinic receptors increasing gut motility, activates muscarinic receptors in pancreas increasing secretion
75 of 85
Sympathetic Energy Stores
Activates alpha/beta receptors on liver cells stimulating glyco/gluconeogenesis activates alpha/beta receptors on fat cells increasing lipolysis
76 of 85
Parasympathetic Energy Stores
No effect
77 of 85
Sympathetic Salivary Gland
Activates beta receptors and stimulates thick secretion rich in enzymes
78 of 85
Parasympathetic Salivary Gland
Activates muscarinic receptors and stimulates a profuse watery secretion
79 of 85
Sympathetic Bladder
Activates beta2 receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall, relaxes smooth muscle and reduces pressure, activates alpha1 receptors on smooth muscle of sphincter, contracting smooth muscle and stopping urination
80 of 85
Parasympathetic Bladder
Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter, relaxes smooth muscle and causes urination
81 of 85
Sympathetic Reproductive Tract
Activates alpha1 receptors on smooth muscle of urethra, contracting smooth muscle and causing ***********
82 of 85
Parasympathetic Reproductive Tract
Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum, relaxing smooth muscle and causing erection
83 of 85
Autonomic Reflexes
Control sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
84 of 85
Baroreceptors
Detect blood pressure
85 of 85
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Auditory, beside ears
Back
Temporal Lobe
Card 3
Front
Top back of head
Back
Card 4
Front
Vision, bottom back of head
Back
Card 5
Front
Ridge
Back
Related discussions on The Student Room
- Edexcel IGCSE Biology | PAPER 2 »
- AQA A-Level Biology Paper 3 [21st June 2023] Exam Chat »
- Edexcel A Level Biology B Paper 2: 9BI0 02 - 17 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] »
- A Level subjects for Biological Sciences: advice thread »
- Post-PhD job application woes »
- Biology - cell differentiation »
- N/A »
- What life science degree should I do? »
- Personal statement: Biological sciences »
- A&P revision recommendations »
Similar Biology resources:
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
Report
Report