Physiological Systems

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PNS
Output of the CNS which acts independently to regulate the body's internal enviroment
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Systems in the PNS
Autonomic (voluntary), Somatic (unconscious)
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Systems in the ANS
Parasympathetic (cranial-sacral output), Sympathetic (Throacic-lumbar output, vertebral column), Enteric (neurons in the intestine wall)
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ANS processes
Heart beat, smooth muscle, endocrine function and secretions
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Sympathetic system
Fight or flight response
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Parasympathetic system
Rest and digest state
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Cholinergic Transmission
Motor nerves release ACh which act on nAChRs. Postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release ACh which acts on mAChRs.
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Adrenergic Transmission
Release noradrenaline acts on either a or b adrenoceptors. Presynaptic receptors, NA release regulated by a2 adrenoceptors
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Synapse of cardiac and smooth muscles
Post ganglionic autonomic nerves release transmitter
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Cholinergic nerves
2 different types of cholinergic nerves: nicotinic and muscarinic. Nerves that use ACh as the neurotransmitter
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Muscarinic receptors
Interact with muscarine that causes activation of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system through binding with to muscarinic AChRs
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Muscarinic AChRs
When bound with ACh it causes a conformational change, converting GTP -> GDP through activating and dissociating from the receptor.
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Muscarinic receptors
Involved in physiological functions such as heart rate and the release of neurotransmitters
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M1 AChRs
Found in secretory glands, response increasing IP3
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M2 AChRs
Found in cardiac tissue, response of decrease in cAMP
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M3 AChRs
Found in smooth muscle, response increasing IP3
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M4 AChRs
Found in the CNS, response of decrease in cAMP. enhance movement
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M4 AChRs
Found in the CNS, response of decrease in cAMP
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M1/M3/M5 mACh receptor action
GPCRs coupled to Gaq to activate phospholipase C
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M2/M4 mACh receptor action
GPCRs coupled to Gai/o to inhibit adenylate cyclase
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Actions of mAChR agonists
Bradycardia, vasodilation, increase secretion, increase gut motility
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Actions of atropine - mAChR antagonists
Block secrtetion: increased heart rate: pulmonary dilation: paralysis of bladder
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Indication of Atropine
Smooth muscle relaxant, to treat bradycardia after a heart attach. Used to treat inflammation
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Mechanism of Atropine
non-selective antagonist at muscarinic ACh receptors
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Nicotinic AChRs
Ligand-gated ion channels, fast signal transmission. Can be neural or muscular
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Muscle-type Nicotinic AChRs
Localised at neuromusclar junctions
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Neuromusclar junctions
Openinh pores producing a rapid increase in the cellular permeability of sodium and calcium ions.
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Neuronal Nicotinic AChRs
Causes the movement of cations through the opening of an ion channel, releasing calcium ions which affects the release of neurotransmitters.
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Nicotinic AChRs subtypes
alpha (a1-10), beta (B2-5), delta, epsilon and gamma
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Muscle Nicotinic AChRs (foetal extrajunctional)
a1-y-a1-b1-g
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Neuronal and autonomic Nicotinic AChRs (brain)
a4-b2-a4-b2-b2
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Nicotinic receptors
Subunits arranged symmetrically around a central receptor channel, with alpha and adjacent subunits, binding to both sites in order for the channel to open
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Neurotoxins
Target the ACh-binding site, blocking the opening the ion channel.
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Neuronal nicotinic ACHRs groups
a-bungarotoxin-sensitive receptors homomeric (developing muscles) and a-bungarotoxin-insesitive receptors hetermeric (modulate transmitters)
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Peripheral nAChRs
Present at autonomic ganglia and neuromusclar junctions.
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Actions of neuromusclar blocking agents
Competitive blockers - competitive antagonists of nAChRs. Depolarizing blockers - block of the muscle fibre endplate
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Competitive blockers
E.g. Tubocurarine, used as muscle relaxanys
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Depolarising blockers
Continually stimualtion of the NMJ by agonists causing muscle paralysis. E.g. suxamethonium. Cause paralysis during anaesthesia.
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Donepezil
Medication used in the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It improves cognition and behaviour but does not slow progression of the disease
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Mechanism of Donepezil
Acteylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibitor
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Cholinergic transmission: Non-receptor therapeutic agents
AChE inhibitor is a drug that inhibits the AChE from breaking down ACh, increasing the actions of neurotransmitter. Actions can be reversible, irreversible or quasi-irreversible
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Cholinesterase inhibitors
Have a catalytic and anionic site.
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Botulinum toxin
Blocks vesicle docking/ release at axon endings, involved in respiratory paralysis. Linked with Closteridium botulinum infections.
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Therapeutic Indications of botulinum toxin
Muscle spasms, Migraine/headache treatment, excessive secretion.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Autonomic (voluntary), Somatic (unconscious)

Back

Systems in the PNS

Card 3

Front

Parasympathetic (cranial-sacral output), Sympathetic (Throacic-lumbar output, vertebral column), Enteric (neurons in the intestine wall)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Heart beat, smooth muscle, endocrine function and secretions

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Fight or flight response

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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