Physics 1

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What is the difference between P and S waves?
P waves can travel through solids and liquids, whilst S waves only travel through solids. P waves are longitudinal and S waves are transverse. P waves are much faster.
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What affects the pathways of P and S waves
They reflect and refract
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How do you find out how far away the earthquake was?
Find the difference between the P and the S wave.
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What is current?
A flow of charge around a current.
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Is it AC or DC that changes direction?
AC
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What is electrical power?
The energy transferred per second
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What is voltage?
Electrical pressure giving a measure of the energy transferred
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How do you work out the power?
Power = Current x Voltage
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Explain how can you induce a voltage?
By moving a magnet in or near a coil of wire. As you move the magnet, the magnetic field through the coil changes - this change in the magnetic field induces a voltage and a current flows in the wire.
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Name the 4 factors that can affect the size of an induced voltage and current.
1)Strength of magnet 2) Area of the coil 3)Number of coil turns 4) Speed of movement
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Name 4 non renewable energy resources
Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels
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What are the environmental problems with using non renewable energy resources?
Greenhouse effect, global warming, releases CO2, sulfur dioxide causes acid rain, oil spills, visual pollution, risk of major disasters
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How do most power stations work?
Fuel...boiler...turbine...generator...grid
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How can you calculate the output voltage from a transformer?
primary voltage/secondary voltage = number of turns on p/number of turns on s
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Name risks with transmitting high amounts of energy...
kites in the rain, power losses are high, worried about health issues
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Name the 9 types of energy...
electrical, light, sound, thermal, kinetic, chemical, gravitational potential, elastic potential, nuclear
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What are potential and chemical energy forms of?
stored energy
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What is the equation for efficiency?
efficiency = useful energy/total energy x 100%
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What is our solar system made up of?
A star and lots of things orbiting it in a slightly elongated circle
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What is the name for the planets orbit style?
Ellipses
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What the sun, moon, planets and stars orbit the Earth that is the ______ model.
geocentric
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Which ancient astronomers believed in the geocentric model and when was this theory accepted until?
Greek and 1500's
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What are the 7 EM waves in order.
Radiowaves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays
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Which end of the EM spectrum has highest frequency and shortest wavelength
Gamma rays
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Who discovered infrared and in what year?
Herschel in 1800
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Who discovered ultraviolet and in what year?
Ritter in 1801
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Who condemned the heliocentric model?
The church
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Who's and what observations were convincing as evidence for the heliocentric model?
Galileo...in 1610 he was observing Jupiter with a telescope, when he saw 3 stars. They moved in the wrong direction, then a fourth star appeared and they appeared to be carried along with the planet. Proved geocentric was wrong.
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What has improved to develop our ideas of the solar system?
Technology
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How do we know about the universe?
Detecting waves from planets that give out visible light.
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What do all waves have?
Wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed
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What do wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed all transfer/not transfer?
Energy and information, not matter
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What are the 2 formulas for wavelength?
1)Speed = frequency x wavelength 2)wavelength = distance/time
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What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal and give examples?
Transverse the vibrations are at 90 degrees to the direction of travel (light, EM waves, ripples, s waves) Longitudinal the vibrations are the same direction (sound, ultrasound, slinky, P waves)
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Why can some of a waves energy be reflected?
Hits a boundary with a different medium.
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What is the angle of reflection the same as?
The angle of incidence
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Why do waves sometimes travel at different speeds?
When they travel through substances with different densities.
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Explain what refraction is...
The incident ray hits an object at an angle. The ray changes speed and direction as it passes through the medium. The emergent ray is the same as the incident ray.
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Is a converging lens convex or cancave?
Convex
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What does it do?
They cause parallel rays of light to move together to a focus.
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Explain how a reflecting telescope works?
Parallel rays from space hit the first concave mirror and they are reflected to a focal point, but a second concave mirror is placed just before it. The rays are reflected towards a hole where they then meet at a focal point. Through eye lens,hit eye
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Which area of the EM spectrum pass through materials and which are absorbed?
Pass through - the two ends. Absorbed - the middle.
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How are each of the following harmful to people? Microwaves, Infrared, Ultraviolet, x rays/gamma rays
Microwaves - Heat human body cells, Infrared - Skin burns, Ultraviolet - Skin cancer and eye damage, X rays/gamma rays - Cell mutation or cancer
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What are all of the EM waves used for?
Radiowaves - communication, Microwaves - satellite communication + mobile phones, Infrared - monitor temperature + remote controls + security systems, visible light - to see, ultraviolet - detect forged bank notes, disinfect water, x rays-look inside
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What can gamma rays be used for?
Radiotherapy - the treatment of cancer using y rays, high doses kill all living cells (treat cancer), but they have to be carefully directed... sterilisation of food and surgical instruments
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What are the two other types of ionising radiation?
Alpha and beta
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Between what 2 planets is the asteroid belt located?
Mars and Jupiter
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What is a galaxy?
A collection of billions of stars
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What are SETI looking for?
Narrow bands of radio wavelengths coming to Earth from outer space
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What can collect data and samples?
Robots and probes
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What is the focal point and axis?
The focal point is where the ray meets and the axis is the line passing through the middle of the lens
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What is the focal length?
The distance between the centre of the lens and the focal point
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Explain what a refracting telescope is?
Parallel rays from an object in space hit a converging lens. The rays are refracted and they they hit another converging eyepiece lens, where they are refracted towards the eye
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Why do space telescopes have a clearer view than those on Earth?
Because of the earth's atmosphere and light and air pollution
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What can you use to detect what elements make up planets, stars etc
Spectometer
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Name the order of the two star cycles.
Nebula, main sequence star, red giant....supernova, neutron star or black hole...planetary nebula and a white dwarf
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Explain how light from galaxies is red shifted.
Galaxies are moving quickly and their light is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum
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What is ultrasound?
frequencies higher than 20,000Hz
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What is infrasound?
frequencies less than 20Hz
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Explain what partial reflection is.
When a wave passes from one medium to another, some of the wave is reflected off the boundary between the two media and some is transmitted.
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Give some uses of infrasound.
elephant communication, tigers, microphones, monitor animal movements, meteor strikes and volcanic eruptions
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What type of wave is longitudinal?
P waves
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What model replaced the geocentric model in what century?
Heliocentric in the 1600's
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What does this model state?
The earth and other planets orbit the sun
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Who introduced the heliocentric model into a book?
Copernicus
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What affects the pathways of P and S waves

Back

They reflect and refract

Card 3

Front

How do you find out how far away the earthquake was?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is current?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Is it AC or DC that changes direction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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