Physics Paper 1 revision

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What are step-up transformers used for?
-Transfer electricty from power stations to the National Grid -They increase the voltage meaning there is a lower current so less energy is dissipated when travelling -More economic and efficient as less energy is lost
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What are step-down transformers used for?
-Transfer electricity from the National Grid to consumers -They lower the voltage so it is safe to go into houses and offices
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What is the purpose of an earth wire?
-Provides a low resistance route to earth preventing electrocution in case of a fault
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What is the potential difference of a live wire?
230 Volts, maximum 325 Volts
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What is the potential difference of a neutral wire?
0 Volts
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What is meant if an object is double insulated?
-Has no earth wire -Has a plastic casing which the live wires are unable to touch meaning it cannot give an electric shock even if the wires become loose
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What are the advantages of a circuit breaker compared to a fuse?
-Re-usable -More sensitive -Cannot be replaced with an incorrect wire size -Operate more quickly
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Describe how particles are structured within a solid
-Particles vibrate about a fixed position -Low energy -Strong forces between particles -Little space between particles -Fixed position
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Describe how particles are structured within a liquid
-Particles roll over one another -Little space between particles -Flows -Weak forces between particles -Take the shape of a container
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Describe how particles are structured within a gas
-Move quickly and randomly -Lots of space between particles -Almost no forces between particles -Low density -Lots of energy
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Describe the changes to an objects internal energy when heating and when cooling
When heating: -Intermolecular forces weaken -Kinetic and potential energy increases -Solid melts, liquid boils When cooling: -Intermolecular forces strengthen -Kinetic and potential energy decreases -Gas condenses -Liquid freezes
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What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume of its container increases?
The pressure of the gas will decrease as there is a bigger space for the particles to collide in therefore they will collide less frequently
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What would happen if a piston was pushed quickly in a container with gas?
-The temperature and internal energy of the gas would increase as energy is being transferred to the gas at a quicker rate than its being transferred to the surroundings
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Name 2 artificial and 2 natural sources of background radiation
-Radon gas -Rocks -Plants -X-rays -Nuclear power stations
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Explain: -What Alpha radiation is -Its penetration -Its level of ionisation -Its deflection by a magnetic or electric field
-A particles with a positive charge made from 2 protons and 2 neutrons -It is stopped by 5cm of air or thin paper -It is the most ionising -It is deflected in the opposite direction but less than beta particles due to its heavier mass
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Explain: -What Beta radiation is -Its penetration -Its level of ionisation -Its deflection by a magnetic or electric field
-A fast moving electron with a negative charge -Stopped by 4mm of aluminium -Medium level of ionisation -Deflected in the opposite direction and more than alpha particles due to its lower mass
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Explain: -What Gamma radiation is -Its penetration -Its level of ionisation -Its deflection by a magnetic or electric field
-A ray with a short wavelength and a high frequency -Stopped by thick lead, concrete and water -Least ionising -Not deflected as it is not a particle
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What did Ernest Rutherford do in his experiment in 1911?
-Rutherford fired alpha particles at very thin gold foil (a few atoms thick) - He knew that alpha particles were very small, dense and positively charged -He thought alpha particles would go straight through because the gold atoms have a low density
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What were the results of Ernest Rutherford's experiment?
-Most of the particles went straight through -A small number were deflected -A very small number were rebounded
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What are the conclusions to the results of Ernest Rutherford's experiment?
-Most particles went straight through as the atom is mainly empty space -A few were deflected as they came near the nucleus and were repelled. The nucleus must be positive and has a mass -Very few rebounded showing that the nucleus is very small
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What is an isotope?
-An atom of the same element which has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. All elements have isotopes
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Why might the temperature of a solder joint remain constant as the liquid solder becomes solid?
Because the energy is being used to make bonds rather than heat it
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What is nuclear fission?
The splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei and the release of two or three neutrons and energy. It is a chain reaction as the neutrons released can then further fission
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What is the role of control rods in nuclear fission?
-They control the speed of the reaction by absorbing surplus neutrons -They keep the chain reaction under control
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What is the role of a moderator in nuclear fission?
It slows down the neutrons making the reaction more effective as neutrons are less likely to bounce of the nucleus
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What is nuclear fusion?
The joining of two nuclei into one large nucleus. It releases lots of energy, even more than nuclear fission
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Why is it difficult to make an effective/ useful fusion reactor for electricity?
-More energy must be put in than it is releasing -Temperatures reached during the reaction would melt anything nearby
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What are the advantages of using a fusion reactor for electricity?
Hydrogen, the fuel for the fusion reactors, is readily available and is naturally present in sea water -The product, helium, is a non-radioactive, harmless gas -No nuclear waste or smoky pollution created
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Why are metals such good conductors?
As they have free delocalised electrons which can move from one end to the other, spreading heat as they do so
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How does temperature affect the amount of IR an object emits and absorbs?
-The hotter an object the more IR it emits -If an object has a constant temperature, it emits IR at the same rate it absorbs -If the temperature is increasing the object absorbs Ir faster than it emits it
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How do dark colours absorb, emit, and reflect IR?
-Good absorbers -Good emitters -Poor reflectors
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How do matt surfaces absorb, emit, and reflect IR?
-Good absorbers -Good emitters -Poor reflectors
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How do light colours absorb, emit, and reflect IR?
-Poor absorbers -Poor emitters -Good reflectors
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How do shiny surfaces absorb, emit, and reflect IR?
-Poor absorbers -Poor emitters -Good reflectors
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How would a black object with a shiny surface absorb, emit, and reflect IR?
-Good absorber -Good emitter -Poor reflector as colour has a bigger impact than surface
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How does a coal power station work?
-Powdered coal is blown into the furnace -Coal burns, heating up the water in the boiler -Water in boiler becomes high pressure steam -Steam turns the turbine which, in turn, turns the generator -Electricity is produced
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How does a nuclear power station work?
-Fuel (uranium or plutonium) is in sealed cans in the reactor -Nucleus is unstable so will split into two -Energy is transferred from the nucleus when this happens -Coolant transfers energy away from the core -Energy turns water into steam etc
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of wind power?
Advantages:-Low running costs -No waste products or pollution Disadvantages: -No wind, no power -Visual pollution -High initial cost
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of wave power?
Advantages:- Very low running costs -Can produce large amounts of energy -No by-products Disadvantages:-Noise/Visual pollution -Difficult to fix -Disrupts marine life and habitats -Doesn't produce a constant electricity supply
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of hydroelectric power?
Advantages:-Can meet specific needs by storing water -Low running costs -No waste Disadvantages:-Very expensive to build -Can cause geological damage and earthquakes -Large dams alter water levels
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of tidal power?
Advantages:-Easy to predict how much electricity will be produced -Low running costs -no pollution Disadvantages:- Only a few places are suitable -Expensive to install
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of geothermal power?
Advantages:-Low running costs -High efficiency -Low maintenance -Reliable Disadvantages:-High initial cost -Borehole can run out
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Advantages:-Can create lots of energy -Tried and tested Disadvantages:- Carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, sulphur dioxide are released which contribute to global warming, smog and acid rain -Will run out soon
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Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of nuclear power?
Advantages:-generates massive amounts of energy per kg of fuel -Doesn't release greenhouse gases -Won't run out soon Disadvantages:-produces radioactive waste which takes thousands of years to become safe -Very high initial and de-commisioning costs
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On the balloon model of the lungs, explain why the balloons inflate when the flexible rubber sheet is pulled down?
-There is a decrease in air pressure -An increase in volume -Air rushes through the straw to achieve equilibrium and enters the balloons, inflating them
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Name 3 functions of the liver?
-Breaking down lactic acid(also requires oxygen) -Storing iron and glycogen -Detoxifying poisonous substances such as ethanol -Breaking down old, worn out blood cells -Producing bile
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Explain what happens to your tidal volume during exercise?
-Tidal volume increases -Body needs to supply more energy and oxygen to your muscles and your lungs need maximum gas exchange -Your body is trying to limit aerobic respiration as it is inefficient and produces lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue
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What are the body's responses to exercise?
-increased heart rate -increased breathing rate -increases breath volume -glycogen stores in the muscles/liver are converted to glucose for cellular respiration -flow of oxygenated blood to the muscles increases
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Card 2

Front

What are step-down transformers used for?

Back

-Transfer electricity from the National Grid to consumers -They lower the voltage so it is safe to go into houses and offices

Card 3

Front

What is the purpose of an earth wire?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the potential difference of a live wire?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the potential difference of a neutral wire?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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