Man-made structures to protect the coast from erosion
Hard engineering
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Allowing cliff erosion to occur as nature taking its course.
Managed retreat
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The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity.
Mass movement
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Managing erosion using natural processes.
Soft engineering
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The movement of material at the coast.
Transportation
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The process by which rocks are broken down by weather and plants.
Weathering
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Ripples in the sea caused by the transfer of energy from the wind blowing over the surface of the sea.
Waves
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Chemical - The decomposition (or rotting) of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock. Mechanical - Weathering processes that cause physical disintegration or break up of exposed.
Weathering
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Sliding - after heavy rain when loose surface material becomes saturated causes the material to move rapidly downhill. Slumping - rapid mass movement which involves a whole segment of the cliff moving downslope.
Mass movement
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By abrasion, hydraulic action and attrition.
Erosion
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By longshore drift - The zigzag movement of sediment along a shore caused by waves going up the beach at an oblique angle(wash) and returning at right angles(backwash).
Transportation
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Occurs when material being transported by the sea is dropped due to the sea losing energy.
Deposition
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A rocky coastal promontory made of rock that is resistant to erosion.
Headlands
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headlands lie between bays of less resistant rock where the land has been eroded back by the sea.
Bays
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A rocky, level shelf at or around sea level representing the base of old, retreated cliffs.
Wave-cut platforms
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Where Caves, arches, stacks and stump are created
Headland
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The zone of deposited material that extends from the low water line to the limit of storm waves. The beach or shore can be divided in the foreshore and the backshore.
Beaches
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Coastal sand hill above the high tide mark, shaped by wind action, covered with grasses and shrubs.
Sand dunes
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A depositional landform formed when a finger of sediment extends from the shore out to sea, often at a river mouth. It usually has a curved end because of opposing winds and currents.
Spits
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Where a spit grows across a bay, a bay bar can eventually enclose the bay to create a lagoon. Bars can also form offshore due to the action of breaking waves.
Bar
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e.g. Sea wall, gabions, rock armour and Groynes.
Hard engineering
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e.g. Beach nourishment and profiling, dune regeneration.
Soft engineering
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Taking the decision not to protect the coastline by removing current defences and allowing flooding and erosion.
Managed retreat
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North-east coast UK, fastest eroding coastline in Europe. Mappleton – Rock armour and groynes; cost £2 million. Hornsea – Sea wall and groynes. Withernsea – sea wall, groynes and rock armour.
Holderness coast - management
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The wearing away of material at the coast.
Back
Erosion
Card 3
Front
Man-made structures to protect the coast from erosion
Back
Card 4
Front
Allowing cliff erosion to occur as nature taking its course.
Back
Card 5
Front
The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity.
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