perception researchers

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  • Created on: 04-01-18 07:34
Felleman and van Essen, (1991)
partial wiring diagram of primate visual areas
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Galanter, 1962
Illustrates impressive detection sensitivity of human perceptual mechanisms
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Teghtsoonian, 1971
made some approx discrimination values for our senses
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(Green & Swets, 1966
Signal Detection Theory
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Parker & Newsome, 1998
Shows cell’s potential to (say) detect a stimulus. Can be used to derive neural thresholds
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Hubel and Wiesel, (1959)
neurophysiological approach- Typical orientation selectivity (tuning) of a neuron to a bar-shaped stimulus in its receptive field
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Desimone et al., (1984)
Activity of neurones in inferotemporal cortex to profiles
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DeValois & DeValois, 1990
By adding together more and more sinusoidal grating patterns with progressively higher SFs we can make an image of his face 64 visible figure, 164 can tell who it is
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Campbell & Green, 1965; Campbell & Robson, 1968
measured CSF for human function- It shows contrast sensitivity (1 / threshold contrast required to detect each sinusoidal grating pattern) vs. the spatial frequency of the grating patterns. The higher the sensitivity, the less contrast is needed to s
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(Kuffler, 1953)
cells very early in the visual pathways (e.g. retinal ganglion cells) have receptive fields that exhibit a concentric center-surround organisation
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Patel, 1966; De Valois et al., 1974)
As the overall luminance level is progressively reduced, the peak sensitivity shifts to gratings of lower and lower spatial frequency - Occurs mainly because sensitivity to high spatial frequency gratings becomes worse
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Van Nes et al., 1967; Robson, 1966; Kelly, 1979
When the CSF is measured with moving/flickering gratings sensitivity to very low spatial frequencies improves when the temporal frequency is high (e.g. 10 Hz
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Derrington & Lennie, 1984; Kaplan & Shapley, 1982
Magnocellular cells (primate LGN) are ~ 10 times more sensitive to low spatial frequency gratings than Parvocellular cells when patterns move/flicker at high rates
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Merigan et al., 1991
Behavioural effects of lesions in the parvocellular and magnocellular layers of primate LGN. Magno lesions cause loss in sensitivity to rapidly moving flickering low spatial frequency patterns
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Ginsburg et al. (1982)
used the CSF to successfully predict how well pilots see objects in the air and on the ground. Under conditions when fine detail is lost (e.g. fog), visual acuity is a poor indicator of performance
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Nissen et al., 1985 and Hess & Woo, 1978
sufferers of alzheimers/cataracts exhibit substantial contrast sensitivity deficits for both coarse (low frequency) and fine (high frequency) patterns. Visual acuity tests would not pick this up
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Campbell and Robson 1968
CSF does not reflect the sensitivity of a single mechanism, but the combined activity of many independent mechanisms (called ‘filters’, ‘detectors’, or ‘channels’)
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Additional Campbell and Robson 1968
based their claim on evidence from psychophysical experiments measuring contrast detection thresholds for complex patterns In one experiment they measured contrast detection thresholds for simple sinusoidal gratings of a given frequency (ƒ) and ...
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Graham & Nachmias, 1971
detection independent phase- found contrast sensitivity for this compound pattern was almost same contrast sensitivity for detecting the idv components of the pattern separately. Similar to fourier analysis but not quite-but filters the image into sp
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Blakemore & Campbell (1969)
Adaptation is spatial frequency selective. It diminished sensitivity (elevated contrast detection thresholds) to that spatial frequency and neighbouring ones, leaving very different frequencies unaffected This provides compelling evidence that the
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Blakemore & Sutton, 1969; Blakemore et al., 1970)
Adaptation to a sinusoidal grating, changes the perceived spatial frequency of other subsequently viewed test gratings
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Wandell, 1995
‘Distribution- shift’ model of perceived SF
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Carter & Henning, 1971; Legge & Foley, 1980; Wilson et al., 1983)
Masking only occurs when two patterns have very similar spatial frequencies but not dissimilar ones
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Sachs et al., 1971
Summation occurs, but only between gratings of closely spaced spatial frequencies and not between widely space ones
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Wilson & Regan, 1996
at least 6 filters
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Kuffler, 1953
Receptive fields of RGCs first mapped in cat
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Enroth-Cugell & Robson (1984)
The response of retinal ganglion cells depends on the phase of the grating (i.e. its position within the receptive field). Other ganglion cells respond to 90-270 deg. phase, but not 0-180 deg. Therefore, ganglion cell array can encode all four phase
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Young (1802)
correctly proposed that humans had three types of photoreceptor (cone) each sensitive to a different part of the visible spectrum (any colour by 3 different lights).
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Roorda & Willams, 1999
First images of the three cone types in the living human retina
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Selfridge’s Pandemonium model (1959)
feature detector model- feature demons still use templates no configural information
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Marr & Nishihara (1978)
structural description model- Goal of vision = to describe the object unambiguously. What we want is a system that is invariant to transformations in viewpoint and illumination etc Gibson: we need to distinguish what is invariant under transformatio
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Biederman (1987)
structural description model- geons
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Tanaka (1991; 2003
“Reductive determination of optimal features” method: Find a complex stimulus the IT neuron you are recording from responds to, then one-by-one, subtract features from that stimulus until the cell stops responding.
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Hung et al. (2012)
Some IT neurons may be selective for objects with particular medial axis configurations- Might indicate axis-detection as in Marr & Nishihara model Broadly viewpoint-tuned (but not perfectly invariant)
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Bülthoff & Edelman (1992); Riesenhuber & Poggio (1999)
view dependent model- Brute association of arbitrary image with object (in the tradition of Helmholtz, Berkeley) Co-ordinate system is viewer-based Primitives are sub-regions of the imag
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Wallis & Bülthoff, (1999)
“abstract features” which might consist of lines, curves, texture, colour, shading, disparity etc
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Logothetis et al. (1995)
Rhesus monkeys were trained extensively to recognise novel wire-frame objects- say whether same or dif to object. Neurons were selective for particular views of particular trained objects
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Riesenhuber & Poggio (1999)
Simulations achieve good invariance and show similar errors to human observers
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(Johnson et al., 1991)
Newborn babies prefer to look at face-like patterns than non-face-like patterns
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(Simion et al., 2001)
This might be a very broad preference for top-heavy patterns
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Field et al., 1984)
babies as young as 1-4 days old seem to be able to tell their mother’s face from a stranger’s
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Schmalzl et al., 2008)
prosopagnosia is somewhat hereditary
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Thompson (1980)
thatcher illusion
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Yin et al. (1969):
Faces are more hard to recognise upside-down than other things (houses, aeroplanes, stick figures) are.
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LeGrand et al (2001)
Inversion may reduce our sensitivity to configural information more than featural information- varying spacings between features “target face” appears for 200ms Then a second face is shown Participant decides if they are the same or different
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cont
config upright 80% correct,featural 80%, wrong way featural 81% configural 63%
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Mangini & Biederman (2004)
“Configural processing” Information about the spacing and positioning of face parts relative to one another. “Holistic processing” An inability to selectively attend to one part of a face; compulsory and automatic integration of information from acro
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Tanaka and Farah, (1993)
memorise intact or scrambled faces If trained on intact faces, better at recognising the correct part when presented in whole face than on its own. If trained on scrambled faces, no significant difference between recognition alone or in the whole scr
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Young, Hellawell and Hay, (1987)
more dif to recog parts if put together as a whole
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Jenkins et al., (2011)
(un)familiarity effect
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Shepherd et al (1974)
True of people of the several different races that have been tested, so likely to reflect experience with similar faces. Could this indicate an inability to holistically encode faces with which we lack experience
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Michel et al. (2006)
Both Asian and Caucasian participants show a greater composite effect (compulsory interference from irrelevant bottom half when trying to match top half of a face) for faces of their own race than the other.
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Diamond & Carey (1986)
Did this with pictures of dogs and pictures of faces. Participants were either breeders and handlers of the breeds of pedigree dog shown in the pictures, or they were normal university undergraduates. Whether dog experts had an inversion effect.
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...
Both dog experts and normal participant were worse at recognising faces when studied and tested upside down. But only dog experts were worse at recognising dogs when studied and tested upside down.
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Gauthier & Tarr (2002)
trained for 7 hours to recognise 30 “Greebles” Had to say whether part was same or different as on target Greeble. Accuracy much better when parts shown in situ than isolated. May not depend on expertise at all
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McGugin et al (2012)
Largest proportion of voxels preferred faces (46%). But: the amount that these “face selective” voxels were activated by cars was correlated with how expert the person was with cars. Face neurons or expertise neurons?
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Kalat, 1984
Cross-section of ‘hairy’ skin (covers most of the human body) showing several kinds of nerve endings and receptors
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Iggo, 1976
proposed that the different sensory qualities are mediated by different specialised receptors within the skin layers
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(Verillo, 1966; Bolanowski & Verillo, 1982
extremely sensitive to touch and typically investigated in the laboratory using large vibrotactile stimuli that vibrate at high frequencies with variable amplitude (strength) Possible to compare directly neural thresholds of isolated Pacinian corpus
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Verillo, 1975)
Under ideal conditions skin displacements < 0.001 mm can evoke a sensation of pressure
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Weinstein, 1968)
Absolute sensitivity varies over skin surface but is best for the face
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Darian-Smith et al., 1982
Some cells in primate somatosensory cortex respond to both movement of the body (e.g. fingers) and the tactile features of surfaces that are touched
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. Lederman & Klatzky, 1990
Subjects are adept at gauging size, shape, texture, weight, hardness and curvature of objects using active touch
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Klatsy et al. (1985)
got blindfolded subjects to identify 100 common objects (e.g. fork, brush, paper clip) by ‘feeling’ them - 95 % of the judgements were correct and occurred within 5 sec of handling the object
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Foulke & Berla, 1984
Experienced Braille readers achieve 100 or more words per minute
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Loomis (1981)
limited ability of the skin to resolve fine spatial details (mechanical properties of skin cause ‘blurring’)
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Melzack, 1973
Pathological pain insensitivity leads to serious self-inflicted injury or death
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Ploner et al., 1999
Brain-damage can result in a failure to recognise stimuli as ‘painful
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Berthier et al., 1988
lack of emotion and withdrawal from stimuli identified as ‘painful’
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Kenshalo & Isensee, 1983; Talbot et al., 1991; Ploner et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2002
Primate electrophysiology and human brain imaging show that some cells in somatosensory cortex respond selectively to noxious stimuli
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Melzack and Wall (1965, 1988)
gate-control theory- Fast ‘touch’ fibres and slow ‘pain’ fibres connect with substantia gelatinosa (SG) and transmission cells (T cells) in spinal cord T cells send pain information to the brain SG acts as “gate” to allow or inhibit T cells
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Henning, 1916
4 basic (‘primary’) taste qualities or sensations: ‘Salty’, ‘sour’, ‘sweet’ and ‘bitter
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Dzendolet & Meiselman, 1967
Taste quality depends on factors such as substance concentration .E.g. Lithium chloride changes from sweet to sour as concentration increases
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Bradley, 1979)
Each papilla has anything from several hundred to just one taste bud
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Beidler & Smallman, 1965)
Life span of each taste bud is ~ 10 days
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Smith, 1997)
several different types of tranduction mechanisms that convert chemical stimulation into neural responses
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Pritchard, 1991
Afferent fibers travel to nucleii in the brainstem and then via the thalamus to the primary taste area in the parietal lobe of the cortex (near the somatosensory cortex). Brain-damage impairs taste
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Francis et al., 1999
Some fibers also project to the the orbito-frontal cortex. Involved in the behavioural significance/reward value of food and perhaps the degree of ‘pleasantness’ of sensory stimuli in general
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Arvidson & Friberg, 1980
Most receptor cells respond to some extent to all 4 basic kinds of taste stimuli, although with different sensitivity
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Doetsch et al., 1969; Scott & Erickson, 1971
Many taste responsive cells in the thalamus also respond to all tastes
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Pfaffman, 1955; Erickson, 1968, 1984
cross fibre theory
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Frank (1973) Scott and Chang, (1984) Pfaffman et al., (1976)
Supported by electrophysiological recordings from individual taste sensitive cells in hamster rat and primate
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McBurney et al., 1973
Substance tested, temperature
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Collings, 1974
mouth region tested
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Paulus & Haas, 1980
viscosity
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Stevens, 1995
presence other substances
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Borg et al., 1967
Electrophysiological recording from taste fibers innervating the front of the tongue (chorda tympani) were made during surgery
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McBurney et al., (1978)
subjects can discrim intensity difference of 15-25% surcrose
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Hall et al., 1975
Caffeine in a cup of coffee perceived as bitter to ‘tasters’ but not ‘nontasters’
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Bartoshuk et al., 1988
Tasters’ also perceive KCl (a table salt subsitute) as bitter and that the taste of sodium benzoate (preservative found in many foods) is readily noticeable
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Bartoshuk, 1993
‘Supertasters’ find many taste stimuli to be much more bitter and ‘hot’ stimuli to be hotter than those who are less sensitive
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Henning (1916
proposed 6 primary odour sensations of ‘fragrant’, ‘putrid’, ‘ethereal’ (fruity), ‘burned’, ‘resinous’ and ‘spicy
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Costanzo & Graziadei, 1987
Olfactory receptor cells replaced every 4 to 8 weeks
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Amoore, 1970
neural pathways for smell supported by lock and key system
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Richardson & Zucco, 1989)
Damage to the olfactory cortex can impair the ability to identify and/or detect odours
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Kauer, 1991)
Olfactory nerve fibers (the axons of olfactory receptor cells) respond to some extent to a wide variety of different odours, but with different sensitivity
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Skarda & Freeman, 1987)
There is some evidence in support of this idea in the patterns of neural activation across the olfactory bulb
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Stevens et al., 1988)
detection thresholds depend on Substance tested, odorant purity, the way it is delivered to the olfactory epithelium and can vary greatly from moment to moment in the same individual
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Geldard, 1972)
olfactory is v sensitive subjects can detect mercaptan (foul-smelling compound added to natural gas) at a concentration of 1 part per 50 billion parts of air!
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Koelga & Koster, 1974)
Females are generally more sensitive, on average, to odours than males
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Cain & Gent, 1991)
the elderly are less sensitive than young adults
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Amoore et al. (e.g. 1977)
76 different anosmias. Some common (1 in 3 cannot smell the camphorous odor of 1, 8 cineole) and others rare (1 in 1000 cannot detect putrid n-butyl mercapton). Consistent with the idea of a very large number of receptor types
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Mozel et al., 1960)
Without smell, the ability to identify foods by taste alone is poor
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Murphy & Cain, 1980
Smell also greatly affects food flavour
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Galanter, 1962

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Illustrates impressive detection sensitivity of human perceptual mechanisms

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Teghtsoonian, 1971

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(Green & Swets, 1966

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Parker & Newsome, 1998

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