PE, Anatomy - (GCSE) Winter term (Yr.10)

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what are the three functions of the skeleton ?
movement, protection and support
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what do ligaments do ?
link two bones together
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what do tendons do ?
they attach muscles to bones
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what is another name for the skull ?
cranium
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what is the jawbone called ?
mandible
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what are the bones in the arm ?
humerous, radius, ulna, carpal, meta carpal, philangies
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what are the bones in the leg ?
femar, tibia, fibula, tarsel, meta tarsel, philangies patella
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what is another name for your knee cap ?
patella
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what is you shoulder bone called ? shoulder blade ?
clavicle, scapula
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what are the 3 other functions of the skeleton ?
shape+structure, blood cell production and storage of minerals
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how does to production of red blood cells affect the body ?
if you do not make enough red blood cells then you cannot carry enough oxygen to the muscles in sport
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what minerals does the skeletal frame hold ? why do they hold them ?
calcium, phosphorus and so they can be released into the blood stream when needed
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what do flat bones do ? give an example.
protect - cranuim sterum
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what do small bones do ? give an example.
help perform fine movements- phalanges, carpals, metacarpals
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what do large bones do ? give an example.
help perform gross movements- femur, tibia, fibula, humerus
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what do irregular bones do ? give an example
they normally protect- vertebrae, patella
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what is flexion ?
when the angle decreases at a joint
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what is extension ?
when the angle increases at a joint
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what is abduction ?
movement away from the mid line of the body
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what is adduction ?
movement towards the mid line of the body
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what is rotation ?
turning a limb along its axis
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what is a joint by definition ?
where two or more bones meet
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what is a fixed joint ?
where two or more bones meet but do not move
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what is an example of semi moveable joint ?
vertebrae (it moves but not as feely as a synovial joint )
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what is a synovial joint ? what are the two types of synovail joints ?
a freely moveable joint, hinge and ball and socket
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what is plantar flextion ?
movement at the ankle that points your toes to the ground
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what is dorsiflextion ?
movement at the ankle when the foot is pulled up to the knee
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what does SEEL stand for when answering an exam question ?
S-state E-explain (explain what you've stated) E-evidence L- link (back to the question)
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what is included in a synovial joint ?
cartilage, bursae, synovial fluid, joint capsule, liagaments, synovial membrane
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what does the synovial membrane do ?
produce synovial fluid
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what does the cartilage in a joint do ?
prevents bones rubbing together and helps to stop/prevent friction
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what does the joint capsule do ?
its a tissue that stops synovial fluid escaping, it encloses and supports the joint
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what do the ligaments do ?
stops and prevents dislocations, stabilises the joint
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what does the bursae do ?
a fluid filled sack which reduces friction
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what are the muscles in the shoulder joint ?
rotator cuff, deltoid, trapizius, tricep, bicep, pectorials, lattisimus dorsi
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what are the muscles at the elbow joint ?
bicep and tricep
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what are the muscles at the hip joint ?
hip flexors, gluteals
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what are the muscles at the knee joint ?
quadracep group, hamstring group
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what are the muscles at the ankle joint ?
tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius
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what are the muscles called situated in the middle of the stomach ?
abdominals
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what do muscles work in ?
antagonistic pairs
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what movements can muscles do ?
pull not push
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how do pairs of muscles work ?
while one contracts, the other relaxes
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what is the contracting muscle called ?
the prime mover/ agonist
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what is the relaxing muscle called ?
antagonist
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what muscles pull the elbow joint ?
bicep and tricep
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what muscles pull the shoulder joint ?
the deltoid and latissimus dorsi
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what muscles are muscles which work the hip ?
the gluteals and hip flexors
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what muscles pull the knee joint ?
the hamstring group and quadricep group
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what are the two different ways muscles contract ?
isotonic contraction and isometric contraction
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what is isotonic contraction ?
when a muscles physically moves eg, passing the ball in netball
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what is isometric contraction ?
when there is no movement of the muscle eg, plank
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what are the two types of isotonic contraction ?
concentric and eccentric
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what is isotonic concentric contraction ?
when the muscle shortens as it contracts eg, bending the elbow from straight to fully flexed (bicep)
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what is isotonic eccentric contraction ?
when the muscles lengthens as it contracts, its less common in sport, gravity changes the prime mover eg downwards phase of a press up (tricep)
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when does isometric muscle contraction occur ?
when the muscles remains the same length when it contracts eg, performing the plank
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what are planes and axes ?
technical words to help you describe the directions of movement
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what is a plane ?
a line which is drawn through your body splitting it in two parts
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what are the three types of plane ?
frontal, transverse and sagittal
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what is a frontal plane ?
it separates the front and back and creates side to side movement eg, sidestepping
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what is a horizontal/transverse plane ?
it divides the top and bottom half and creates rotation and turning motions eg.rolling off a player in netball
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what is a sagittal plane ?
it divides the body into the left and the right side and creates forward and backward movement eg,sprinting
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what is an axis ?
an imaginary line around which the body rotates
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what are the three axes ?
sagittal, longitudinal and transverse
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what is the sagittal axis ?
a line which passes horizontally from front to back it causes side to side movement eg. kartwheel
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what is the longitudnal axis ?
a line which passes through your body vertically from top to bottom and it causes roation eg, pivoting in netball
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what is the transverse axis ?
a line which goes horizontally through the body from left to right it allows movement forwards and backwards eg, an arabesque
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what links to the frontal plane ? example ?
the sagittal axis as they both cause adduction and abduction (side to side movement); cartwheel
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what links the the transverse plane ? example ?
the longitudinal axis as they both cause rotation; roll off of a player in netball
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what links the the sagittal plane ? example ?
the transverse axis as both cause flexion and extension, forward and backwards movement; forward somersault
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what are all movements made by the body produced by ?
a series of levers working together
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what are the three types of levers ?
first class levers, second class levers and third class levers
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what are the three parts of a lever ?
falcrum, load (resistance), effort
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what is the falcrum in a lever ? what is it in relation to the body ?
the point at which a lever turns or is supported, the joint
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what is the load(resistance) in a lever ? what is it in relation to the body ?
the weight or resistance that the leaver must move, the weight of the body part or apparatus
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what is effort in a lever ? what is it in relation to the body ?
the force required to move the load and in the human body the effort comes from the muscles, the muscle
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what is a first class leaver ? where does it occur ?
draw: when the elbow extends (extension at elbow)
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what is a second class lever ? where does it occur ?
draw: at the ankle , plantar flexion
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what is a third class lever ? where does it occur ?
its the most popular lever in the body!! draw: movement at the knee joint, flexion at the elbow
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how do you work out mechanical advantage ?
effort arm divided by resistance arm
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what does it mean if you have a low mechanical advantage ? what lever has it ?
that you can generate a lot of speed with gross movements;a third class lever
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what does it mean if you have a high mechanical advantage ? what lever has it ?
you can lift heavy objects with little effort; second class lever
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what mechanical advantage does a first class lever have ?
either high or low depending on where the fulcrum is
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what is the resistance arm ? effort arm ?
the distance from the load to the fulcrum; the distance from the effort to the fulcrum
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what advantage does a resistance arm longer than the effort arm mean ? what about if the effort arm is longer than the resistance arm ?
that it has a low mechanical advantage; that it has a high mechanical advantage
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7.12.17
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what do ligaments do ?

Back

link two bones together

Card 3

Front

what do tendons do ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is another name for the skull ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is the jawbone called ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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