PE anatomy yr 11
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- Created by: lizzie.0602
- Created on: 21-03-19 18:29
Describe the pathway of air into the lungs
Mouth/ nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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Mechanics of breathing inspiration
Rib cage= up and out, diaphragm= flattens and contracts, chest= bigger, lung= pressure less
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Mechanics of breathing expiration
Rib cage= down and in, diaphragm= relaxes into dome shape, chest= in, lungs= pressure is higher
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How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Thin walls, moist walls, good blood supply, well ventillated
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How are red blood cells adapted to be able to carry oxygen to muscles ?
Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in a reversible reaction to carry the oxygen to the blood
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How does oxygen move into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood ?
By diffusion, from a high concentration to a low
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Name the parts of the heart
From left to right, vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein. Right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
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Describe the pathway of the blood
De-oxygenated blood from vena cava enters the right atrium, ventricle then out of the pulmonary artery to the lungs where gas exchange occurs, pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back into the heart, left atrium, ventricle then into aorta away
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Difference of mechanics of breathing when exercising in inspiration
Sternocleoidomastoid and pectorials contracts increasing thoracic capacity
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Why do the sternocleidomastid and pectorials contract during inhalation ?
To allow a greater volume of air into the lungs
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Difference with the mechanics of breathing during exercise, expiration
Abdominal muscles contract to pull rib cage downwards
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Why do the abs contract during exhalation?
To force maximum air out of the lungs
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Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels
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Why do blood vessels vasoconstrict
So that oxygen doesn’t diffuse unnecessarily somewhere else in the body eg. The digestive system
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Define vasdialation
Widening of blood vessels
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Why do blood vessels vasodialate
So that the blood vessels heading to the arms and legs muscles get more blood flow and therefore oxygen
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Define stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat
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Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute
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Define cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute
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How do you calculate cardiac output
Heart rate times stroke volume
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What is a spirometer?
Equipment that records the volume of air being inspired and expired
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Define tidal volume
Amount of air inspired at rest
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Define inspiratory reserve volume
Air inhaled durning a deep breath
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Define expiritory reserve volume
Air expired durning a deep exhalation
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Define residual volume
Amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
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What happens to the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume during exercise
It decreases because of the increase in tidal volume
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What happens to the tidal volume during exercise ?
It increase because of the increased demand for oxygen
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What is diastole ?
When the blood fills the heart because the ventricles and atria are relaxed
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What is systole ?
When the blood is ejected from the heart as the ventricles and atria contract due to the increase in pressure
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What is aerobic respiration and when is it used ?
Respiration with oxygen and is used when you’re working at a low intensity for a long period of time
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What is the aerobic training zone ?
60%-80% of maximum heart rate
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What is anaerobic respiration and when’s it used?
Respiration without oxygen and is used when working at a high intensity for a short period of time
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What is the anaerobic training zone ?
80%-90% of maximum heart rate
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When does epoc build up ?
After your muscles have respired anaerobically and produced a lot of lactic acid
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Define epoc
Amount of oxygen needed to repay the lactic acid buildup after anaerobic respiration
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Why does an athlete still breathe heavily after exercise ?
Because they are trying to repay the oxygen debt to break down the lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water
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What are the 4 different recovery processes?
Ice bath, cool down, manipulating diet, massages
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Why have an ice bath ?
Reduces swelling of muscles and repairs microfibre tears int he muscles, works when removed from ice bath and the blood vessels vasodilate increasing blood flow to muscles, removing waste products and providing them with nutrients
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Why do a cool down ?
To remove lactic acid and reduce likelihood of doms, reduces heart rate and breathing rate to reduce shock on body
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Why manipulate your diet ?
To replace fluid lost durning exersize= rehydration, replace lost energy= carbohydrates, aid recovery and growth of muscles= Protein// differs for each athlete
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Why have a massage after exersize ?
Targets sore muscles and breaks down scar tissue formed around the muscle when tears are repairing, increases movement and reduces soreness
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Immediate effects of exersize:
Increased heart rate, breathing rate, tidal volume, stroke volume, sweating, temperature and vasodilation of blood vessels
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Short term effect of exersize (up to 36hrs later):
Fatigue/ tiredness, DOMS, cramping, nausea, light headedness
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Long term effects of exersize:
Increased strength, muscle endurance, speed, felxibility, stamina, cardiovascular endurance and bradycardia, hypertrophy, weight loss
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How do you work out maximum heart rate?
220- age
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How do you prevent injury?
Appropriate clothing, take breaks, correct technique, warmup and cool down, avoid overtraining, maintain hydration
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Mechanics of breathing inspiration
Back
Rib cage= up and out, diaphragm= flattens and contracts, chest= bigger, lung= pressure less
Card 3
Front
Mechanics of breathing expiration
Back
Card 4
Front
How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Back
Card 5
Front
How are red blood cells adapted to be able to carry oxygen to muscles ?
Back
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