MIX (ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS)

?
  • Created by: hanwiss1
  • Created on: 03-05-17 10:16
What are the 2 types of skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
1 of 54
What are the 3 sections of a bone?
Epiphysis, diaphysis , epiphysis
2 of 54
What are the 3 features of a bone?
Articulating cartilage, growth plate and bone marrow
3 of 54
Define joint
an area of the body where 2 or more bones articulate to produce human movement
4 of 54
What is the origin and insertion?
The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary bone. The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone.
5 of 54
What are synergists?
Other muscles that support the prime mover
6 of 54
What is a fixator?
a muscle that allows the agonist to work, stabilising the origin
7 of 54
Name the 4 quadricepts
Rectus Femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
8 of 54
Name the 3 hamstring muscles
Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris, semimembranosus
9 of 54
Name the 3 gluteals
gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus
10 of 54
Name the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff
Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
11 of 54
What is an agonist?
the muscle responsible for creating a movement
12 of 54
What is an antagonist?
a muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement
13 of 54
Name the planes of movement and how they split the body
Sagittal, divides the body into left and right. Frontal, divides the body into anterior and posterior. Transverse, divides the body into inferior and superior
14 of 54
What are are the types of muscle contraction?
Concentric, in which is when a muscle contracts and shortens. Eccentric, ia when a muscle contraction lengthens. Isometric, is when a muscle contracts but does not change length
15 of 54
What are the 3 types of muscle fibre?
Type 1 - slow twitch fibres Type 2a - fast oxidative glycolytic Type 2b - Fast twitch glycolytic
16 of 54
Discuss slow twitch fibres
They are designed for aerobic exercise, they use oxygen to produce a small amount of tension over a long period of time. Functionally they have a very high resistance to fatigue and structurally they are very red as they contain more myoglobin
17 of 54
Discuss type 2a - Fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
They are designed for anaerobic exercise, they produce a high amount of contractions in a short amount of time, functionally they are have a low resistance to fatigue and structurally they are very white due to low levels of myoglobin
18 of 54
Discuss type 2b - Fast twitch glycolytic fibres
They are designed for anaerobic exercise, however are more explosive than type 2a. Functionally they have a high anaerobic capacity and structurally they have a low mitochondria density.
19 of 54
What is a motor unit made up of?
a motor neuron and muscle fibres
20 of 54
How does a motor unit work?
a nerve impulse is initiated in the motor neuron. It is then conducted down the axon by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter named acetylctine conducts it across the gap. If charge is above threshold it will contract
21 of 54
What does it mean by occurring in a 'all or none' fashion?
that if charges reach a certain threshold then they will all contract, however if they don't nothing will contract
22 of 54
State the 3 types of motion and what they are
Linear, this is where something moves in a line with all parts going in the same direction. Angular, is when something moves around the axis of rotation. General, bit of both
23 of 54
What is centre of mass?
where the weight of the body tends to be concentrated
24 of 54
What is stability?
the ability of a body to resist motion and remain at rest
25 of 54
What 4 factors affect stability?
height of COM, The base of support , The line of gravity and the mass of the perfomer
26 of 54
What is direct force?
When the line of force is through the centre of mass
27 of 54
What is eccentric force?
When the line of force passes outside the COM
28 of 54
What is a force?
a push or pull that alters or ends to alter the state of motion of the body
29 of 54
Sate Newtons 2 laws of motion
Inertia, acceleration ad reaction
30 of 54
What is inertia?
When the body continues in a state of rest e.g the ball on the penalty spot
31 of 54
What is acceleration?
a body's rate of change of momentum being proportional to the size of the force applied e.g Hitting a tennis ball
32 of 54
What is reaction?
For every action force applied to a body there is an opposite reaction e.g power applied to the ball for a shot in football
33 of 54
What is an internal force?
A force generated by a contraction of skeletal muscle
34 of 54
State 2 horizontal forces
Friction and air resistance
35 of 54
factors affecting friction
roughness of the ground surface, roughness of the contact surface, temperature, size of normal reaction
36 of 54
factors affecting air resistance
velocity, shape. frontal cross section, smoothness of surface
37 of 54
What are levers?
The co-ordination of our bones and muscles primarily to create human movment
38 of 54
What are the 2 main functions of levers
to generate muscle effort to a given load and to increase the speed of a given movement
39 of 54
State 3 ways to analyse through technology?
Limb kinetics, force plates and wind tunnels
40 of 54
recall the structure of the heart
right and left ventricle and atrium, pulmonary artery, septum, pulmonary vein, aorta, atrioventricular valves, semi-lunar valves, vena cava
41 of 54
What are the 3 main functions of the heart?
transporting. controlling, protecting
42 of 54
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
artery, capillary, vein
43 of 54
What are the features of the conduction system?
SA node, AV node, Bundle of his and Purkinje fibres
44 of 54
What is diastole and systole
Diastole is the relaxation of the cardia mucles starting with the atria then the ventricles. Systole is the contraction of cardiac muscles starting with the atria then the ventricles.
45 of 54
Simply, how does the conduction system control the cardiac cycle?
No impulse - diastole - Atria fills with blood. SA node firing to AV node - atria systole - AV valves forced open blood moves into ventricles. Bundle of his to purkinje fibres - ventricular systole - blood pushed into arteries
46 of 54
Define stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heart beat
47 of 54
What is cardiac output
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per min
48 of 54
What is heart rate
the number of times the heart beats per min
49 of 54
What is bradycardia
a resting heart beat lower than 60 bpm
50 of 54
What is the stroke volumes reaction to exercise?
linearly increases as exercise speeds up to 60-80% of the max. Max SV is reached at sub max exercise.
51 of 54
How does SV increase?
Hearts ability to fill depends on; greater venous return, ventricles ability to stretch, larger EDV. Hearst ability to empty depends on; greater EDV, this increases ventricular contractility
52 of 54
What is heart rates reaction to exercise?
Initial increase due to adrenaline. A rapid increase in line with exercise intensity. a steady HR throughout sustained intensity as oxygen meets demands, a rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered and then a more gradual decrease to resting levels
53 of 54
What is cardiac output response to exercise?
It increases incline to exercise intensity, increases to supply the demand from the working muscles, after an athlete reaches 40-60% of maximal exercise SV plateaus and any increase of Q is a result of HR
54 of 54

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 3 sections of a bone?

Back

Epiphysis, diaphysis , epiphysis

Card 3

Front

What are the 3 features of a bone?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define joint

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the origin and insertion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Physical Education resources:

See all Physical Education resources »See all Anatomy & physiology resources »