6. Who says that 'it has already been shown that there exists no centre opinion...tendency... doctrine separate in any kind from the doctrines of the right or left- but only a dilution of their doctrines'?
Duverger
Sartori
7. Who say that Duverger is wrong about electoral formula's effect on the number of parties and that the formula exists to serve the demand for parties due to social cleavages?
Ordeshook and Coz
Lipset and Rokkan
8. What is Sartori's view on centre parties?
the very existence of a centre party discourages centrality
they are a waste of time
9. Who says 'a party is not a community but a collection of communities'?
Duverger
Lijphart
10. To whom does the frozen cleavages idea belong?
Lipset and Rokkan
Lijphart and Rose
11. Who compares parties to McDonalds?
Carty
Bolleyer
12. Who says that the highest degree of opposition concentration exists in a two-party system?
Dahl
Duverger
13. Who says that two opposition parties may be further away from each other than the government?
Sartori
Dahl
14. Who introduced median voter theorem?
Downs
Dahl
15. Who argues that moderate multipartism is only favourable on the condition that all parties are minority parties?
Lijphart
Dahl
16. Which of the following is not a component of an electoral system?
district magnitude
electoral rules
Number of parties
electoral formula
17. Why does Duverger believe that FPTP leads to two party systems and PR to multiparty systems?
problems of math and wasted vote syndrome
more choice equals more parties emerging
18. What is clientilism?
buying votes
sponsoring candidates
19. Which of the following is not a reason for declining party membership?
