Parental Care and Investment
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- Created by: BethCuddington
- Created on: 10-12-16 21:43
Is parental care and investment universal?
No. Sometimes eggs just left e.g. turtles.
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Benefits of parental care and investment?
Improved offspring survival and quality.
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Costs of parental care and investment?
Could be: foraging/feeding, laying more eggs, pursuing more matings.
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Do species vary in amount of offspring they have?
Yes. Example: humans generally have one at a time, Salmon - many.
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Is there variation in amount of care given?
Yes.
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Why?
Point when they hatch/are born differs, may require more help/be more defenceless.
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What is Parental Care?
Anything likely to increase reproductive potential of offspring.
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What is Parental Investment?
Anything done for the offspring that increases offsprings survival, while decreasing parent's ability to produce additional offspring.
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Percentage of male mammals who don't provide parental care?
90%.
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Which species is female parental care weak?
Birds. Female only care - 8% of species. Biparental care - 81% of species. Biparenting with helpers - 8% of species. BUT when both care, still more likely female doing stuff.
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Why is female care more common?
Invest more in gametes - more important to ensure survival. Maternal certainty higher than paternity certainty. Reliably convert fitness for females than males.
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Exceptions of females providing more care than males?
Fish - e.g. Jawfish. Externally fertilising, more certainty. Females use lots of energy producing eggs, need to forage.
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What determines likelihood to invest more in care?
Parent's future prospects of reproducing and relative value of current offspring e.g. if long lived birds - invest less than short lived birds.
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What is Brood Parasiticism?
Birds lay eggs in other birds nests and provide no parental care.
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Examples of birds that do this?
Old World Cuckoos, Old World Honeyguides, New World Cowbirds.
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Why do brood parasites have an effect on reproductive success of the host?
Because the host rears no young of its own.
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How can the brood parasites exploit the host?
Lay eggs in smaller birds nests. Host will feed larger birds more so alien young have an advantage. Shorter incubation period - hatch earlier too.
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What is Discriminative Parental Solitude?
Ability to discriminate young from other animals young.
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Why does this develop?
Costly mistake to bring up another's offspring.
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When does discriminative parental solitude evolve?
When there is real risk of directing care on unrelated young e.g. in herds or colonies.
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Example of animal this happens in?
Mexican 3-tailed bats. Creche containing thousands. use olfactory cues and sound to discriminate. Occassional mistakes, benefits of creche outweigh risks though.
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Example of another animal that does this?
Cliff Swallows. Better at distinguishing than Barn Swallows (solitary nesting).
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Example of another animal that does this?
Sheeps and lambs - olfactory cues.
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Example of another animal that does this?
Guillemort vs Razorbill. Guillmort - more closely together, more risk. Better at discriminating.
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How can birds tell the reproductive value of offspring?
Colour of gapes. Redder = better immune system, thus offspring quality.
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How is red colour caused in gapes?
Carotenoid pigments - associated with immune system (or at least immunocompetence).
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Example of animal that interpretes quality?
Coots - produce more than they can rear. Peck them to death. Use long orange plumes as a signal of quality. Longer plumes - favoured.
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Example of animal that intepretes quality?
Magpie - more likely to survive when older, so their value increases. Parents more defensive of young who are older.
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What is parent favourtism and siblicide?
Parents discriminate against certain offspring and allow them to starve or siblings to kill them.
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Example of Siblicide happening?
African Eagle - allow first hatched to kill the other.
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Example of Siblicide happening?
Egrets, pelicans, boobies - get siblings to drive out other offspring, starve to death.
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Are animals that allow siblicide showing favourtism?
Yes - extreme case.
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Is siblicide due to parental control?
Somewhat - see this in masked (happens nearly 100% of the time) and blue boobies (rarely). Blue booby with masked offspring brought number down. Blue booby offspring with masked booby brought number up.
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Why do parents show favourtism and allow siblicide?
Ensure against failure and environmental uncertainty. E.g. produce 2 in case 1 does not hatch.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Benefits of parental care and investment?
Back
Improved offspring survival and quality.
Card 3
Front
Costs of parental care and investment?
Back
Card 4
Front
Do species vary in amount of offspring they have?
Back
Card 5
Front
Is there variation in amount of care given?
Back
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