Paper 2 Biology

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  • Created by: Ellie
  • Created on: 03-06-13 11:17
What PH do enzymes work best at?
neutral
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Describe an experiment to investigate how enzyme activity is affected by temperature
Mix amylase (enzyme) with starch and iodine and then put the mixture in water baths at different temperatures
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When is a plant turgid?
when it has the right amount of water the cells are turgid making the plant stay up right
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When is a plant flaccid?
When it doesn't have enough water the plant wilts
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What should a balanced include?
carbohydrates,proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre
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Which enzymes digest starch to glucose?
amylase and maltase
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Which enzymes digest protein to amino acids?
protease
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Which enzymes digest lipids to fatty acids?
glycerol and lipases
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Describe an experiment to show the effects of diffusion
Agar jelly is like cytoplasm. Dye agar jelly purple and cut it into 3 differently sized cubes. Drop the cubes at the same time into a beaker of HCL. Time how long it takes for a cube to turn colourless
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Describe an experiment to investigate the effects of osmosis
Fill a Visking tube with sucrose solution and tie it to a capillary tube place it in a beaker of water. Osmosis makes the liquid ride up the capillary tube
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Describe an experiment to investigate osmosis in a living system
Place a drop sucrose solution on one slide and a drop of water on another slide. Add onion epidermis to both slides. Examine both through a microscope the one with water should have turgid cells
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Describe a villus
It contains blood vessels and a lacteal which absorb the products of digestion. The surface cells are covered with microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption
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Describe an experiment to measure the energy content of food
+ water to test tube.Put a thermometer in test tube. Measure the start temperature of water. Weigh the food then put it on a mounted needle & set it on fire. Put it under the test tube & record the top temperature it reaches
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What is the equation needed when working out the every content of food?
change in temperature x mass of water x 4.2 / mass of food
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How do you test a leaf for starch?
kill the leaf in boiling water then remove the colour in boiling ethanol wash the leaf with cold water + iodine if it goes blue starch is present
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Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of light in photosynthesis
fill 4 test tubes with hydrogen carbonate indicator. Fill 3 tubes with leaves. seal tubes with a bung and place each tube in different lighting.After a few hours record the colour of the indicator
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Describe an experiment measuring the rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis is measured by how quickly it produces oxygen. Put pondweed in a test in a test tube and place in a beaker taller than the test tube of water. count the bubbles of oxygen produced
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How do you test a leaf for glucose?
Put a leaf in a test tube and place in a water bath add benedicts solution to the tube if it foes yellow glucose is present
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Describe an experiment investigating the effects of osmosis on a living thing
fill 3 boiling tubes 1 with tap water 1 with sucrose solution and 1 with air. Put a potato tuber in each after it has been blotted to remove excess moisture and has been weighed. After 30mins reblot and reweigh them.Test their flexibility work out %
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Describe an experiment showing heat is produced in respiration
Soak one batch of peas. Boil another batch of peas.Wash in a bleach solution and rinse with water Place each batch individually in a vacuum flask. Put cotton wool to stop measure the initial temperature of the peas in each flask at the start & end
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Describe an experiment showing the production of carbon dioxide by small living organisms
Place hydrogencarbonate indicator in a boiling tube add a guaze platform and place a small organism on it. if the indicator turns from orange to yellow CO2 is present
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When does respiration occur in plants?
The day and the night by the amount of CO2 and O2 exchanged depends on the light intensity
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What happens when you inhale?
air enters lungs, external intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs up and out, diaphragm contracts, volume of chest cavity expands up and out
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What happens when you exhale?
Air pushes out of the lungs, diaphragm muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs down and in, volume of chest cavity decreases.
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Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing in humans
Get a person to sit quietly for 5 minutes then count the number of breaths he takes in a minute. Then get the person to carry out exercise and record how many breaths he has
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Describe an experiment measuring the rate of transpiration using a weight potometer
Place a polythene bag around the pot and then Weight the plant using a potometer then reweigh it after a few hours. The difference is the rate.
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Describe an investigation measuring the rate of transpiration using a volume potometer
Attach a leafy shoot to a capillary tube using rubber tubing, put the capillary tube in a beaker of water, time how long it takes for an air bubble to move up the capillary tube along a scale
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What is the rate of transpiration affected by?
Light intensity, Temperature, humidity and wind speed
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How is the rate of transpiration affected by Light intensity?
it increases as light increases as the stomata opens
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How is the rate of transpiration affected by temperature?
it increases as temperature increases as the rate of evaporation from the mesophyll cells increases
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How is the rate of transpiration affected by humidity?
humidity reduces the rate of transpiration, as the diffusion gradient between the air spaces in the leaf and the external air is decreased.
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How is the rate of transpiration affected by wind speed?
it increases as the wind speed increases as moving air removes water vapour
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How are red blood cells adapted for transport of oxygen?
biconcave disc with no nucleus - high surface area. Millions of RBC's in every mm of blood. Contains mainly haemoglobin
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How does the immune system respond to disease?
The phagocyte engulfs the bacteria so it becomes enclosed in a vacuole. Digestive enzymes then destroy the bacterium. This is called pseudopodia. Lymphocytes release antibodies to destroy pathogens.
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How do antibodies destroy pathogens?
they cause bacteria to stick together, make it more recognisable to a phagocyte, cause the cells to burst open and neutralise the poisons produced by the pathogens
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Which side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood?
right
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What are the names of the valves in order from right to left?
Tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic and mitral
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Which side of the heart pumps blood to the whole body?
right
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What does a coordinated response require?
a stimulus, a receptor and an effector
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What does the Central Nervous system consist of?
the brain the spinal chord and the sense organs
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What is the function of the cornea?
Bends entering light
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What is the function of the iris?
controls the amount of light entering by adjusting the size of the pupil
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What is the function of the pupil?
allows light into the eye
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What is the function of the lens?
allows focusing by changing shape
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What is the function of the ciliary muscles?
changes shape of the lens by altering tension of the suspensory ligaments
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What is the function of the retina?
contains Rod and cone cells to convert light to impulse
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What is the function of the fovea?
area where light is focused
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What is the function of the optic nerve?
transmits nerve impulses to the brain
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What is the function of the sclera?
protects the eye
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What is the function of the choroid?
contains blood vessels
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Which part of the eye detects light and where is it found?
photoreceptors detect light they form in the retina
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What are the two types of photoreceptor?
rods - see in black and white. cones - see in Red Green and blue
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How does the eye respond to the dark?
Radial muscles in the iris contract, circularity muscles in the i
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How does the eye respond to light?
Radial muscles in the iris relax, circularity muscles in the iris contract, pupil diameter closes and less light enters
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How does the eye focus on a far object?
ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments are tight, lens is pulled thin
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How does the eye focus on a near object?
ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments are loose, lens becomes flat
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How does a germinating seed utilise food reserves until it can photosynthesise?
it grows a shoot and a root, the seed contains carbohydrates and lipids for respiration, it makes leaves to photosynthesise
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Why and how are quadrates used?
they're used to estimate the population of an organism in 2 different areas by randomly throwing a square and counting the number of species in it
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Describe the watercycle
The sun causes water from lakes&oceans to evaporate. Water is lost from trees through transpiration. Both of these form vapour in the air which makes clouds.Clouds precipitate (rain) & the water runs off into lakes & is absorbed by plants & animals
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Describe the nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen gas is turned intro ammonium by nitrogen fixing bacteria (found in leguminous plants). This is made into amino acids & protein in the plant.The plant is eaten by animals which die & excrete. Decomposing bacteria turns this into ammonia in
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Describe the nitrogen cycle cont..
the soil where nitrifying bacteria turns it into nitrite and nitrate where it is again taken up into the plant.
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What does deforestation lead to?
leaching of soil minerals, soil erosion, deserts forming, disturbance of the water cycle, increase in CO2 levels, decrease in O2 production
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Describe the production of beer
germinate barley, barley converts starch into maltose. Denature barley enzymes by heating, mix maltose from barley with water hops and yeast. Leave with out oxygen to ferment (anaerobic respiration) yeast makes ethanol and carbon dioxide. Bottle beer
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Describe an experiment to investigate carbon dioxide production by yeast
place yeast and star solution in a test tube. Put a layer of oil on top to stop loss of O2 put a bung in the test tube with a tube connecting it to another test tube containing lime water and hydrogen carbonate indicator solution. Set up the same
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yeast experiment
with boiled (dead) yeast. Put both test tubes in a warm place for a few hours the lime water will turn cloudy and the solution will be bubbling. The indicator will change from orange to yellow
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Describe the production of yoghurt
Lactobacillus bacterium uses lactose sugar in the milk to produce lactic acid by anaerobic respiration this affects the milks proteins making the yoghurt curdle
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What is a fermenter used for?
the growth of microorganisms on an industrial scale
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Describe an industrial fermenter
steam and nutrients are pumped in to the fermenter which has temperature and pH probes. Cold water is added to the water jacket to keep it cool. It is stirred with the paddles and is then filtered out
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What does too much fish in a farm cause?
pollution of the water
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What does too little fish in a farm cause?
intraspecific predation
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What do you need to control on a fish farm?
O2 inflow, water purity, disease and pests, inter and intraspecific predation
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What is an advantage of closed systems over open systems?
reduce environmental pollution but cost is higher
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What does a transgenic organism mean?
an organism containing DNA from 2 or more sources
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Describe an experiment to investigate how enzyme activity is affected by temperature

Back

Mix amylase (enzyme) with starch and iodine and then put the mixture in water baths at different temperatures

Card 3

Front

When is a plant turgid?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When is a plant flaccid?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What should a balanced include?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

Ellie

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Very useful, thanks

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