Paper 1- Peacemaking and the League of Nations

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  • Created by: Anni
  • Created on: 21-05-13 12:07
What date did Woodrow Wilson publish his 14 points?
January 1918
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Who were the big three and what countries did they represent?
Woodrow Wilson- USA, Georges Clemenceau- France, David Lloyd George- Britain
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What date was the armistice?
11th November, 1911
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What date was then peace conference at Versailles?
18th January 1919
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When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
28th June 1919
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What were some terms of the November Armistice?
Surrender by the German Army and Navy of it's facilities, establishment of neutral zone on the banks of the Rhine and reparations of the damage done.
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How many clauses did the Treaty of Versailles contain?
435
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When was the League of Nations set up?
January 1920
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Who didn't get invited to the Versailles peace conference?
Defeated nations, and Russia, as the west feared communism.
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How much were reparations?
£ 6.6 billion
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When was Germany allowed to join the League of Nations?
1926
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When was the Wall Street Crash?
October 1929
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When was the Manchurrian Crisis?
1931-1933
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When did Germany and Japan leave the League?
1933
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When was the Abyssinian Crisis?
1935-36
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When was the Hoare-Laval Pact
December 1935
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When did Germany rearm the Rhineland?
1936
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When did Italy leave the Leaue?
1937
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What were the sanctions in the League of Nations?
1) Moral Sanctions 2) Economic Sancrtions 3) Militarry Sanctions
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What were some main principles in Wilsons' 14 Points?
National self-determination for colonies, reduction in arms, Alsace- Lorraine to be retuned to France, a League of Nations to be set u, no secret treaties.
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When did USA join WW1?
April 1917
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Why did Clemenceau want to punish Germany harshly?
Germany took Alsace-Lorraine in 1870, there was great war damage in France and France wanted to weaken Germany to prevent future attack.
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What did Lloyd Gerge want from the Versailles peace conference?
Reduce Germany navy, extend British Empire, but not punish Germany too harshly incase they revert to communism and so their economy can recover and they can trade with Britain.
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Where did Alsace- Lorraine go after the Treaty?
Returned to France.
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Where did Eupen and Malmedy go to after the Treaty?
Belgium
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What happened to Schleswig after the plebicite?
Northern Schleswig went to Denmark, Southern Schleswig remained German.
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What happened to Memel after the Treaty?
It was taken over by the L of N and then transferred to Lithuania in 1923.
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Where did West-Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia go to after thr Treaty?
Poland
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What happened to the Saar?
It was controlled by the L of N for 15 years but France controlled the coalfields, after 15 years a plebicite vote made the Saar become German again.
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What happened to Danzig?
It was a free city under the control of the L of N and Poland gained the Polish corridor to the sea, and could use the port of Danzig for trade.
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When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
March 1918
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What land did Germany lose that it had taken from Russsia in the Trety of Brest- Litovsk.
All of it! Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent.
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What were Germany and Austria forbidden to do?
Unite or "Anschluss"
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What happened to Germany's lost colonies?
The L of N gave the colonies to Britain and France to govern until they were able to rule themsleves.
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What militarry restrictions were placed on Germany?
The German army was limited to 100,00 soldiers who had to be volunteers as conscription was banned. Germany was not alklowed tanks, submarines or militarry aircrafts and their navy could only have 6 battleships.
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What happened to the Rhineland?
It was demilitarized and no German troops were allowed in all land west of the river Rhine and 48km wide of the river's east bank. The allies kept an army to occupy the west bank for 15 years.
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What number was the War Guilt Clause?
Clause 231 of the Treaty of Versailles.
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What was the war guilt clause?
A clause that forced Germany to accept responsibility for the war.
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Who didn't join the League of Nations?
USA!
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How did Germany view the Treaty
As a diktat.(dictatorship)
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Who were the November criminals?
Those who had agreed to the armistice.
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What policiy did USA follow?
Isolationism- to keep out of Europes afairs!
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What did the German navy do?
Sank their fleet, rather than have it go to Britain.
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When was the Kellog-Briand Pact signed?
1928-29
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What was the Kellog-Briand Pact?
It renounced war as a way of "solving intenational disputes."
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When was the Locarno Pact?
1925
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What was the Locarno Pact?
Signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia and Poland to accept the borders set by the T of V.
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Why was Manchuria valuable?
Itr had raw materials such as coal and iron ore.
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What economic rights did Japan have in Manchruia?
The right to mine coal,fish, and use the ports and waterways. Also Japanese owned the South Manchurian Railway.
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What happened on Septemeber 1931?
There was an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway, (owned by Japan). They clamied this was CHinese sabotage.
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What happened in February 1932?
The Japanes set up a puppet government ( a government under Japanes control.)
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What was Manchuria renamed to?
Manchukuo
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Who was put in control of the provinence of Manchuria under the Japanese puppet Government?
The last Chinese Emperor, Pu Yi.
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What did China do about Manchuria?
Appealed to the League of Nations.
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Why did the League have to tread carefully around the Manchuria issue?
Japan was a leading member and a permanent seat on the council, also she had some truth in her arguement.
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How did the League respond to China's complaints about Manchuria?
It issued the Lytton Commission, which was not published until October 1932, a full year after the incident.
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Who was the Lytton Commission in favour of and what did it declare?
China-it declared that Japan had acted unlawfully and that Manchuria should be retunred to China.
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What was the Japanese response to the Lytton report?
It ignored the report and in March 1933 left the League.
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What did Japan do in 1933-1937.
In 1933 they took over the provinence of Jehol, and i 1937 invaded China itself.
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Why did the League not impose sanctions on Japan?
It had no army and Japan's main trading partner was USA who were not a member of the League.
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Where is Abyssinia?
North-East Africa
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Who was the Italian Dictator put in charge in 1922?
Benito Mussolini
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Why did Italy want Abyssinia?
Mineral resources and fertile land.
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What did Italy sign in 1928?
A friendship treaty with Abyssinia, however Itlay was clearly still preparing to invade.
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What did Britain, France and Itlay sign in 1935?
The Stresa Pact- (against Hitler)
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Why did the League keep Mussolini as a strong ally?
They feared communism and Hitler, and Italy were a barrier inbetween them.
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What did Italy do in October 1935?
Attack Abyssinia after a clash between troops at the oasis of Walwal..
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Who was the Emperor of Abyssinia?
Haile Selassie.
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What was the Leagues response to events in Abyssinia?
They banned the sale of arms and all loans to Italy and imports from Italy except oil and coal exports as they were worried that the USA wouldn't co-operate and about the British mining industry.
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What did the League do to the Suez Canal?
Nothing! It was not closed to Mussolini's ships as there were fears that closing the canal would provoke a full scale war with Italy.
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What was the Hoare-Laval Pact?
It proposed to divide up Abyssinia with Italy getting the areas best for agriculture and richest in minerals.
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What were the effects of the Hoare-Laval Pact?
It showed the leading mebers of the League put their own interests first, which damaged the League's reputation badly.
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Why did the League of Nations Collapse?
It was organizationaly inefficient, sanctions didn't work, depression amde countries more self-interested, and the USA weren't in it!
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Who did Germany feel was to blame for war?
The Kaiser- the people has forced him to abdicate so saw no reason to be punished too harshly by the diktat.
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Why did Germany hate the military restrictions placed on them by the T of V?
They were a nation proud of their army and felt nationalistic feeling would decrease.
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Why did the loss of the Polish Corridor upset Germany?
It was filled with German speaker s and spearated them with East Prussia.
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Why were people of the opinion that it was only fair to punish Germany in the Treaty?
They had punished Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
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How many articles were there for the convenant of the League?
26
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What was a problem with the membership in the League?
It was seen as a "League of Victors!"
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How often did the League meet?
Once a year.
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How were votes made in the L of N?
All decisions had to be unanimous.
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Where was the Permanent Court of Justice?
Hague in the Netherlands.
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what was the problem with the Permanent Court of Justice?
It had no means of enforcement.
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How did USA not being a member mean the League was in some people's opinion doomed to failure?
It was rich and powerful they could have funded an army. Wilson created the League, USA not joining makes it look like America has no confidence in it and it also rendered economic sanctions useless as countries could just trade with USA.
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What were some of the League's Agencies?
Health Organisation, international Labour Commission, Slavery Commission, Commission for Refugees and Permanent Mandates Commission to deal with former German colonies.
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Why was Manchuria a failure for the League?
A main member, Japan, leaves the League, GB an and F show self interest and highlights the problems with the sanctions.
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Why couldn't the League ignore Abyssinia like they did Manchuria?
It was in the European sphere of influence.
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Why was Abyssinia a failure for the League?
Took 8 months to react, did not ban exports of coal or oil, shows self interest, kept the Suez Canal open to Italy, was the defining moment of failure, GB and F went behind League's back Hoare-Laval Pact, showed Hitler League was weak.
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What was Hitler doing during the Abyssinia crisis?
Remilitarizing the Rhineland.
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How much of Abyssinia did the Hoare-Laval Pact offer Itlay?
2/3
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How did Abyssinia affect Europe?
Rome-Berlin Axis, 2 opposing sides formed, shows League weak and end Stresa Front.
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When was the Rome-Berlin Axis signed?
1936
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Who were the big three and what countries did they represent?

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Card 3

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What date was the armistice?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What date was then peace conference at Versailles?

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Card 5

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When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

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