Paper 1: Section C: Physical landscapes in the UK (coastal management)
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Where are the UK's uplands?
Mountains of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cumbria and the pennines
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Where are the UK's lowlands?
Scarps and Vales, East Anglia and the Fens
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Where are the main river systems in the UK?
Northeast England
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What causes waves?
It is a transfer of energy from the wind to the sea.
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Why are some waves stronger than others?
the wind speed, how long the wind has been blowing and the fetch
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What is fetch?
The maximum distance of open sea that a wind can blow over.
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What are the main characteristics of constructive waves?
Strong swash and weak backwash, low wave frequency
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Where are constructive waves found?
Sheltered bays and spits also at sandy beaches
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What are the main characteristics of destructive waves?
Weak swash and strong backwash, high wave frequency
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Where are destructive waves found?
more exposed bays where there are pebble beaches
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What can destructive waves form?
A headland
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What are the 5 coastal processes?
weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation and deposition
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How does weathering weaken a cliff face?
Day to day changes in the atmosphere eg. temperature and precipitation.
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How does mechanical weathering damage cliff rocks?
Freeze-thaw weathering (freezing of water in rock every day) causes rock fragments to break off, salt weathering is when salt spray gets into a crack in a rock and this puts pressure on the rock.
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What are the three chemical weathering processes occur that damage cliff rocks?
Carbonation, Hydrolysis and Oxidation
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How does carbonation cause chemical weathering ?
carbonation is when carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with limestone in rocks and this becomes a soluble solution that is carried away in solution?
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How does Hydrolysis cause chemical weathering?
When acidic rainwater break down the rock causing it to rot
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How does Oxidation cause chemical weathering?
When rocks are broken down by oxygen and water
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What are the three mass movement processes?
Sliding, slumping and rock falls
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How does sliding cause mass movement?
This is when there is a downhill movement of a large amount of rock, soil and mud.
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How do rock falls cause mass movement?
Bare rocks are prone to freeze-thaw weathering and at the bottom of the cliff they form loose debris
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How does slumping cause mass movement?
When a rock slide is straight the slump has a concave slip plane so the material goes backwards into the cliff face as it slips
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What are the three types of erosion?
Hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition
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How does Hydraulic action cause erosion?
When the destructive waves relentlessly pound the base of cliff it causes changes in pressure. This causes a break off of huge chunks from cliffs
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How does Abrasion cause erosion?
Destructive waves hurl sand and shingle at a cliff, this is effective in high-energy storm conditions
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How does attrition cause erosion?
when pebbles collide with each other, they become smooth, rounded pebbles.
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What are the six factors contributing to erosion?
a large fetch, strong winds blowing for a long time, when there's no beach to act as a buffer, soft rock, a rock has many joints and when a headland juts into the sea
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How does longshore drift cause transportation?
The wind direction causes the swash to drive at an obscure angle. Gravity then causes it to go down to the beach at a right angle to the shore. load is carried in a zig-zag
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Why is sediment deposited in coastal areas?
in low energy sheltered bays where waves are constructive, where there is a lot of flat land, where structures like groynes trap sediment and where material is trapped behind a spit
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How do hard and soft rocks affect landscapes?
soft rocks are more easily eroded than hard rocks this causes the formation of headlands and cliffs
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How does rock structure affect landforms?
layers of hard and soft rock decide on whether there is a headland or bay at that point
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What are the five types of landforms resulting from erosion?
headlands and bays, cliffs and wave cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks.
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What are the characteristics of a headland?
A cliff that juts out into the sea so that it is surrounded by water on three sides.
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What are the characteristics of Durlston Headland?
Limestone, vertical cliff face, stacks and stumps, destructive waves
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What are the characteristics of a bay?
soft rock such as sand and clay form a cresent shaped beach, constructive waves, two headlands marking the edges of the bay and more sand due to long shore drift
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How are headlands and bays formed?
when a coastline of bands of hard and soft rock are aligned at right angles to the coast.
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Label the stages on headland and bay formation
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Label the stages of long shore drift
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What are the three types of landforms resulting from deposition?
Beaches, sand dunes, spits and bars
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What are the characteristics of cliffs?
horizontal bedding, wave-cut notch at base, fallen rocks at the base
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What are the characteristics of a wave cut platform?
covered at high tide and exposed at low tide, gentle slopes, bare rock smoothed by attrition
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How are cliffs and wave cut platforms formed?
the cliffs are formed by coastal erosion and mass movement transports material to the beach
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Label the stages of cliff and wave cut platform formation
insert image here
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What are the characteristics of a cave?
they may be several metres high at the entrance, a big blow hole in the back may develop
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What are the characteristics of a sea arch?
unsupported top of the arch, water going through the gap
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Label the stages of a cave, arch, stack and stump
insert image
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What are the characteristics of stacks?
hard rock, detached pillars of rock with a wave cut notch
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What are the characteristics of a stump?
When a stack has a wave cut notch it can fall to form a stump eg Old Harry the stack next to Old Harry's Wife
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How are sandy beaches formed?
In sheltered bays, constructive waves transport material to the shore
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How are pebble beaches formed?
These sometimes occur with a large fetch and made by destructive waves, the beach profile is steep
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What is a beach profile?
This is the gradient from the back of the beach to the seas
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Why do beach profiles change?
In winter the sand dunes are eroded by destructive waves, this lowers the height of the beach
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What 5 things are needed for sand dunes to form?
a large flat beach, large supply of sand, large tidal range, onshore wind, drift wood for the dune to form.
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Label the stages of dune formation
insert image
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How do sand dunes change inland
Dunes grow taller, size increases, sand grows darker, vegetation increases, each line of dunes is separated by a trough called a slack
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What is a spit?
A sand beach that is joined to the land but projects into the sea
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Where do spits form?
where the coastline suddenly changes shape?
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How do spits form?
due to longshore drift, the shingle or sand continue to move down the beach, the LSD becomes weaker due to attrition
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What is a bar?
It is when a ridge of sand stretches from one side of a bay to another forming a lagoon behind it
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What are the three strategies of coastal management?
Hard engineering, soft engineering and managed retreat
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What are the four types of hard engineering?
Sea walls, rock armour, gabions and groynes
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How do sea walls act as a hard engineering strategy?
They provide a barrier between waves and sea. The curved face reflects sea energy back out to sea, this reduces erosive power
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How do groynes act as a hard engineering strategy?
They are wooden structures in the sand that look like fences, they trap sediment from LSD, when used with beach nourishment it is useful. Groynes are a buffer for wave energy
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How does rock armour act as a hard engineering strategy?
These are boulders that reduces wave energy this is very effective
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How do gabions act as a hard engineering strategy?
these are metal cages with rocks that absorb and dissipate wave energy, they may be placed infront of a cliff which gives stability and reduces risk of landslides
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What are three types of soft engineering?
sand dune regeneration, beach re profiling and beach nourishment
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How does beach nourishment act as a soft engineering strategy?
There is beach recharge and beach recycling. Beach recharge is when sediment is taken from a bay and put in on a beach that is losing sand. beach recycling is when sand is taken from down drift to up drift
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How does beach reprofiling act as a soft engineering strategy?
the re-shaping of a beach using beach material. After winter storms bulldozers move sediment back up the beach
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How does sand dune regeneration act as a soft engineering strategy?
This is artificial regeneration of sand dunes that absorb energy and water, they protect land from sea
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How has coastal realignment become a managed retreat strategy?
Instead of maintaining the coastline, buildings are demolished and then the sea can create new habitats. There may be defences placed furthur inland. This was done on Wallsea Island in the Thames estuary.
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What is Medmerry?
A coastal realignment scheme is west sussex
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Why was the Medmerry scheme needed?
The environmental agency thought that the area was at high risk. Beach reprofiling was costing £200,000 each year and the area could not afford another breach as the last one cost £5 million
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What strategy was used in Medmerry?
a new embankment was made to protect the properties behind it, rock armour was used and the a breach was made for the sea to flood the land
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What were the positive effects of Medmerry?
A track provides a cycle route and footpath for people, there's now a 1 in 1000 chance of coastal flooding. Tourism is expected to increase, the area will become a fishing nursery that will boost economy. New habitats were formed and animalsprotected
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What was the controversy and conflict associated with Medmerry?
locals believe the EA gave the land up too easy, some opponents said that it was a waste of money in such a sparse area. The scheme was very expensive, three farms had to be abandoned. Habitats would have been disturbed eg Badgers
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What are the 3 benefits of sea walls?
1.it gives people a sense of security.2 sea walls can last for many years 3. sea walls do not stop movement of sediment so do not disadvantage other areas
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What are the 3 costs of sea walls?
1. restricted access to the beach 2.repairs are expensive,if damage is not repaired it can be devastating 3.the concrete is ugly to look at and it can destroy habitats
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What are the 2 benefits of groynes?
1.they act as windbreaks 2. cheap and last for 40 years
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What are the 3 costs of groynes?
1. danger to windsurfers 2. ineffective in storms 3. considered unattractive
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What is the benefit of rock armour?
1. cheap, quick to build and versatile
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What are the 3 costs of rock armour?
1. reduces access to beach 2. armour need often maintenance 3. ugly and litter gets trapped
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What are the 2 benefits of Gabions?
1. Cheap to construct 2. Blend in with the environment
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What are the 3 costs of Gabions?
Gabions are easily destroyed 2. they are dangerous to people 3. birds may damage their feet on them
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What are the 3 benefits of beach nourishment?
1. people living along the coast are protected from coastal flooding 2. the beach blends in the environment 3. the beach can attract tourists
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What are the 2 costs of beach nourishment?
1. during nourishment access to beach is restricted for weeks 2. costs a lot of money to hire a dredger
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What are the 3 benefits of beach re profiling?
1. residents feel safe from coastal flooding 2.lower cost over time 3. beach still looks natural
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What are the 3 costs of beach re profiling?
1. bulldozers restrict access 2. reprofiling can be expensive 3. the steep beach may look unnatural to tourists
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What are the 3 benefits of sand dune regeneration?
1.sand dunes protect land behind them 2. costs are minimal 3. helped maintain a habitat for reptiles
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What are the 3 costs of sand dune regeneration?
1. sand dunes are fenced off when being built 2. expensive systems have to be built to maintain 3. they may not last a long time as the sand and grass may be damaged by storms?
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What are the 3 benefits of managed retreat?
1. eases pressure along the coast further down 2. cheaper in the long term than hard engineering 3. conserves the natural environment and creates habitats
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What are the 3 costs of managed retreat?
1. relocation of people is stressful 2. short term costs may be high due to re-location costs 3. large areas of land are lost and habitats are ruined
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Where are the UK's lowlands?
Back
Scarps and Vales, East Anglia and the Fens
Card 3
Front
Where are the main river systems in the UK?
Back
Card 4
Front
What causes waves?
Back
Card 5
Front
Why are some waves stronger than others?
Back
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