Paper 1 Contents

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What is low pressure?
Warm air rises causing wet, windy stormy conditions.
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What is high pressure?
Cold air sinks causing calm, clear, dry conditions.
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What are ocean currents?
Ocean currents transfer heat around the globe and are often powered by wind resulting from the atmospheric circulation cells. Cold salty, dense water sinks, as it sinks warmer water from lower latitudes is pulled in.
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What is a glacial?
When the temperature is cooler for longer periods and more of the Earth is covered in ice.
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What is an interglacial?
When the temperature is warmer for longer periods and less of the Earth is covered in ice.
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What is the albedo effect?
Light surfaces reflect more heat than dark surfaces. Albedo is the rate at which things are radiated back.
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What is the results of a higher albedo?
More solar energy is reflected
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What happens at ferrel cells?
Circulation that brings warm air north.
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What happens at hadley cells?
A circulation cell near the equator responsible for storms at the equator and desert belts north and south of the equator.
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What happens at polar cells?
A circulation furthest from the equator that brings cold air south.
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What is the coriolis effect?
The deflection of air movement by the Earth's rotation. This causes anti-clockwise winds around low pressure and clockwise winds around high pressure. Objects in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right, while objects in the southern hemisp
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What is insolation?
Short wave solar radiation received in the Earth's atmosphere or at it's surface.
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What is an energy surplus?
If the incoming insolation exceeds outgoing radiation.
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What is an energy deficit?
If outgoing radiation exceeds the incoming insolation.
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What do we find at tropical latitudes?
• The sun’s rays are more concentrated as the noonday sun is high in the sky throughout the year • The sun’s rays have less atmosphere to pass through, so less energy is lost through absorption and reflected by the atmosphere • In tropical rainforest
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Any change in the global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural or human activity.
What is climate change?
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What is the eruption theory?
Volcanic eruptions can change the Earth’s climate due to volcanic ash and dust ending up in the stratosphere blocking the sunshine. As a consequence, sun’s rays are deflected, cooling the Earth.
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What are features of the milankovitch cycle?
1. Earth’s orbit is elliptical (oval) 2. Earth’s axis tilts. Upright or on its side. 3. Earth’s axis can wobble.
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What is the asteroid theory?
Eruptions cause ash and dust to block the suns rays.
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What is the sunspot theory?
Extra explosions appear as black spots. More spots = more activity = warmer conditions
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How is deforestation linked to global warming?
A tree is an example of a carbon storehouse – something that stores carbon. When trees are cut down this carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere contributing to the greenhouse effect.
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How is industrialisation linked to global warming?
A tree is an example of a carbon storehouse – something that stores carbon. When trees are cut down this carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere contributing to the greenhouse effect.
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How is historical artwork evidence for climate change?
Climate is often clear and easy to recognise however artwork is subjective leading to inaccuracy.
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How are ice sheets evidence for climate change?
Taken from the air showing how sheets have changed.
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How is glacial retreat evidence for climate change?
Photographs are taken and samples are collected investigating the number of glaciers and the size.
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How is changing weather evidence for climate change?
Scientists can record how our temperature and precipitation levels vary. They noticed that extreme weather conditions are becoming frequent.
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How is sea levels rising evidence for climate change?
This is warming temperatures meaning ice is melting and oceans expanding.
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How is dendrochronology evidence for climate change?
Each year the tree grows the thicker the ring, the more growing. Therefore, there was more light. This is a very accurate method.
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How is the kneeling curve evidence for climate change?
Shows the increasing levels of carbon dioxide
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How is the hockey stick graph evidence for climate change?
Shows data from thermometers and tree rings
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How are ice cores evidence for climate change?
Scientists study ice particles. The trapped air contains a record of the carbon dioxide and methane levels at that time.
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What are possible consequences of global warming?
• Biodiversity loss on land and in the oceans • More droughts, lasting longer • More flood from frequent heavier precipitation • Coastal flooding from sea level rise • Loss of glaciers which would mean water supply problems in some areas • Changes in
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Facts to remember as evidence for global warming?
• Global temperatures are rising • Atmospheric CO2 levels are rising • The oceans are warming • Sea levels are rising • Artic sea ice is covering less area • Extreme weather events have become more frequent.
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What is a tropical storm?
A hurricane or tropical cyclone is a deep area of low pressure formed in the tropics. In other parts of the world it is known as a cyclone (south-east Asia) or typhoon (Japan and Philippines). Hurricanes are immensely powerful storms capable of devas
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Describe how low pressure is a key characteristic of tropical storms?
Very warm, moist air rising through the atmosphere sucking more air up behind it.
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Describe how rotation is a key characteristic of tropical storms?
The Earth spins (Coriolis effect) helping the air to rise and spiral, dragging in strong winds
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Describe how structure is a key characteristic of tropical storms?
In the centre of the growing storm cooler, dense air sinks towards the ground. In the eye of the storm conditions are calm and clear. But on either side of the eye is a towering bank of cloud called the eye wall where winds are strongest and rain is
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What makes tropical storms intensify?
• Sea water above 26.5°C • In the tropics between 5°- 30° of latitude • They happen in summer and late autumn
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What makes tropical storms dissipate?
• Reach land because they lose their energy – the warm water • Move into areas of colder water • Run into other weather systems where winds are blowing in different directions
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Describe the movement of tropical storms?
They start in the tropic’s and move westwards (east to west) because winds blow from the eat around the equator, and they spin away from the equator. Some tropical storms reach a belt of winds blowing from the west – this makes them change direction.
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How do tropical storms form?
1. Warm temperatures, 2. High humidity, 3. Rapid cooling, 4. Low wind shear, 5. Coriolis effect, 6. Pre existing low-pressure disturbances
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How are tropical storms recorded
The Saffir-Simpson scale classifies tropical cyclones into five categories.
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Explain storm surges?
As the tropical storms move towards the coast, the sea gets shallower. Water pushed up by the wind in front of the storm has nowhere to go but onto the land. The low atmospheric pressure in the tropical storm also increases the surge. Large slow-movi
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Explain coastal flooding?
Storm surges can flood large areas of the coast if the land is low-lying.
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Explain landslides?
Rainfall is heavy and intense during tropical storms. Rain falling in just a few hours causes flash flooding and triggers landslides on unstable flops. This instability is often linked to deforestation.
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How can homes be made resistant to hurricanes?
• Stronger window frames (aluminium) • Cross bracing between foundation piers, wall ends and floor to boost lateral strength. • Build walls perpendicular to the sea to offer least resistance. • Build on reinforced concrete panels or stilts.
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How to forecast tropical storms?
Satellites can measure ocean swell, temperatures, cloud heights and wind speeds. Hurricane hunters fly into hurricanes collecting data such as pressure, windspeed and moisture. Supercomputers can process large amounts of data and calculations.
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How to prepare for tropical storms?
A survival kit should be prepared including first aid, torch, canned food and water. Storm surge defences can be built. These barriers are built to withstand storms. Education
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How to act in tropical storms?
People should evacuate the area if they are told to do so. Building defences by boarding up windows and doors and securing vulnerable items.
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Describe the inner core?
Iron at temperatures of 5000-6000°C. The pressure is so high that this iron is solid.
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Describe the outer core?
Liquid iron and nickel at temperatures of 4000-6000°C
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Describe the mantle?
Liquid magma at temperatures of 3000°C
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Describe the crust?
Solid and rigid to form tectonic plates. They move on top of the asthenosphere.
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Explain how convection currents work?
• The core heats the molten rock in the mantel to create a convection current. • Heated rock from the mantle rises to the Earth’s surface • At the surface the convection current moves the tectonic plates in the crust. • Molten rock cools and flows ba
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Describe continental crusts?
Mainly granite. Less dense than oceanic crust.
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Describe oceanic crusts?
Mainly basalt. More dense than continental crust.
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What is the epicentre?
The point on the surface directly above the focus
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What is the focus?
The central point of the earthquake deep under the surface, where the earthquake actually took place.
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List primary impacts of earthquakes?
Deaths and injuries. Destruction of buildings. Destruction to roads, railways and bridges
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List secondary impacts of earthquakes?
Spread of disease. Fires caused by gas pipes and broken electricity pylons. Tsunamis and landslides
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How to strengthen a building resistant to earthquakes?
• Installing a ring beam at roof level to stop walls falling outwards. • Very strong framework in sky scrapers • Strengthening walls • Making foundations from rubber and steel which can move slightly • Digging deeper foundations • Reinforcing gas and
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What is development?
Measures how advanced a country is compared to others.
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What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. It’s often divided by the population of that country to give GDP per capita.
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What is Human Development Index (HDI)?
Puts together a measurements of a country’s gross national income per capita, life expectancy and years in education to provide a figure that represents the country’s development level.
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Causes of global inequality?
• Social eg education and health. • Economic and political eg government systems and international relations • Historical eg colonialism and neo-colonialism • Environmental eg climate and topography
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Explain Rostow's modernisation theory?
Assumes that all countries start at the same level of development. He suggested that following initial investment, countries would then set off an evolutionary process in which they would progress up 5 stages of a development ladder. He believed this
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Explain Frank's dependancy theory?
This is the idea that developing countries can’t develop because they are dependent on developed countries. Therefore, developed countries have the economic and political power to exploit less developed countries and impose trade barriers. However, i
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Explain top-down development?
Large scale projects that aim at national level or regional level development. Very expensive projects often funded by international development banks. Sophisticated technology that needs experts to install and maintain
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Explain bottom-up development?
Large scale projects that aim to benefit a large village or small group of communities. Very cheap compared to top down, but usually funded by the village itself. Straightforward technology that local people can learn to operate and repair.
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List the positive impacts of economic development?
New jobs and skills brought in by TNCs Reduced poverty worldwide New technologies can reduce workload for rural women
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List the negative impacts of economic development?
TNCs may pull out of a country causing unemployment. Increases inequality between the rich and poor. Pace of change is rapid, leaving old people feeling lost and out of place.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is high pressure?

Back

Cold air sinks causing calm, clear, dry conditions.

Card 3

Front

What are ocean currents?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a glacial?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is an interglacial?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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