Paper 1: Coastal Hazard Management

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Magnitude
The stronger the hazard, the more serve the impacts - a powerful storm will cause more coastal flooding
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Duration
The longer the hazard the lasts, the more severe the impacts are likely to be
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Predictability
Hazards that happen with no warning will have more serious results
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Regularity
If hazards happen regularly the severity will be worse as communities don’t have the capacity (ability) to recover.
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Wealth - economic
Poorer people are less likely to have insurance policies that help recovery
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Age - social/economic
Retired people have fewer financial resources (saving) to recover from a disaster quickly
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Education - social
When people can read and write they can understand the risk and information to evacuate - less likely in LIC
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Governments - social/economic
Wealthier governments can afford coastal defences and warning systems
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Population density - social
The greater number of people that live in an area the more serve the impact. There are denser populations in LICS
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Sea Wall (HE)
Concrete sea walls reflect the energy of waves. Recurved walls reflect waves back on themselves
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Groyne (HE)
Wooden barriers build down the beach which blocks longshore drift. The bigger beach takes energy out of waves
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Rip Rap (HE)
Large boulders placed at the bottom of cliffs - absorb energy of waves
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Gabions (HE)
Steel cages containing boulders - absorb the energy of waves
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Revetments (HE)
Wooden fences filled with stones. Allow sediment and water to pass through. Absorbs energy and bigger beach behind absorbs energy
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Advantages of Sea Walls
Longest lifespan - 75 years The promenade on top attracts tourists
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Advantages of Groynes
Bigger beach attracts tourists.
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Advantages of Rip Rap
Cheaper than sea wall £1000-£3000 per meter.
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Advantages of Gabions
Looks more natural so does not cause visual pollution
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Advantages of Vetements
Cheaper than building a sea wall so a longer section of coast can be protected
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Disadvantages of Sea Walls
Most expensive £5,000-£10,000 per meter. Causes visual pollution
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Disadvantages of Groynes
Shorter lifespan because wood is eroded by waves.
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Disadvantages of Rip Rap
Can make beach inaccessible for tourists
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Disadvantages of Gabions
Shorter life span than sea wall as metal can rust causing gabions to collapse
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Disadvantages of Revetments
Short life span and unsuitable where wave energy is high. Takes up space on beach
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Beach Nourishment (SE)
Beaches are made higher and wider by importing sand and shingle from other places. The bigger beach takes energy out of the waves.
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Sand Dune Stabilisation (SE)
Planting more marram grass which has long roots to hold sand dunes together. Larger sand dunes act as a barrier to stop flooding and take energy out of destructive waves.
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Managed Retreat (SE)
Areas of coast are allowed to flood and retreat creating a intertidal zone (covered only during high tide). This is a natural buffer against storms and coastal flooding. Usually areas where land is low value
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Advantages of Beach Nourishment
Cheap - £20 per m3. Does not cause visual pollution
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Advantages of Sand Dune Stabilisation
Boardwalks are built so tourists are attracted. A habitat is created so biodiversity increases
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Advantages of Managed Retreat
New habitat created - marsh attracts wading birds - improved biodiversity. Tourist attract e.g. bird watchers
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Disadvantages of Beach Nourishment
Offshore dredging damaged ecosystems in other areas. LSD transport sand away - must be maintained
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Disadvantages of Sand Dune Stabilisation
Time consuming - takes a number of years for marram grass to grow fully. Not effective against most powerful storms - can cause dune blow out
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Disadvantages of Managed Retreat
Fertile farmland can be lost. Social conflict caused if farmers don’t want to move/lose land.
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Hold the Line
Existing defences maintained and hard/soft engineering is used to keep the coastline in the same place.
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Managed Retreat
People moved out of danger zones and the coastline is allowed to retreat in land. Managed retreat is often less popular.
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Opinion of Local Councillor
Not all areas can be defended with hold the line as it is expensive and council tax would increase. Must use managed retreat where there are less people.
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Opinion of a Local farmer
Hold the line should be used to protect farmland as fertile land is lost. The country should grow more food and should not import more.
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Opinion of an Environmentalist
Managed retreat should be used to create new marshland and improve biodiversity.
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Opinion of a Property Developer
Hold the line should be used so there is more land to build on. People want to live near the coast eg for the view.
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Social reasons for why coastlines are protected
Large settlements will mean that a community could be lost by coastal erosion. Important transport links such as road and railways must be protected.
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Economic reasons for why coastlines are protected
Areas with a large amount of businesses/factories must be protected. An area with lots of tourist attractions will be protected as tourists spend money in local businesses
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SMPs
Done by councils assess the risks associated with coastal processes such as mass movement and decide which action is best to take.
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Monitoring
Being able to predict extreme weather - satellites used to track storm systems
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Hazard Mapping
Knowing which areas will be affected by a hazard like coastal flooding - low land areas at risk. The Environment Agency create maps to show high risks of coastal flooding in the UK
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Emergency services
Training emergency services e.g. helicopter rescues and having equipment such as flood barriers
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Causes for Maldives sea level rise risk
80% of the land area is less than 1 meter above sea level and nowhere is more than 3 meters above sea level. The Maldives is a poor country - ranked 165th out of 192 nation states.
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Risks for Maldives sea level rise risk
s sea levels rise the population could be forced out of country becoming environmental refugees and face a low quality of life in another country. Flooding of beach resorts damaging tourism which the economy depends upon.
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Mitigating Maldives sea level rise risk
A 3 meter high wall is building built around the capital of Malé at a cost of $63 million funded by Japan
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Mitigating Maldives sea level rise risk
The height of the islands could be increased however this will require a lot of sand which will damage other ecosystems
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Mitigating Maldives sea level rise risk
The Maldivian president has suggested the population could be relocated to Australia however this could cause social conflict with residents who already live there
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The longer the hazard the lasts, the more severe the impacts are likely to be

Back

Duration

Card 3

Front

Hazards that happen with no warning will have more serious results

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

If hazards happen regularly the severity will be worse as communities don’t have the capacity (ability) to recover.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Poorer people are less likely to have insurance policies that help recovery

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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