P3

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What is speed a measure of?
How fast something in going
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To determine speed, what needs to measured?
Distance and time
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What are the units of speed?
Metres per second or kilometres per hour
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What can be used to measure speed in everyday situations?
Tape measure or tunnel wheel and stopwatch or, on roads, a speed camera
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What is the formula for speed?
average speed = distance/time
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How many second are in an hour?
3600
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What does increasing the speed mean?
Increasing the distance travelled in the same time. It reduces the time needed to cover the same distance
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What does the gradient of a distance-time graph tell you?
About the speed of the object
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What does a speed-time graph show?
How the speed of an object changes with time. e.g, a car
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If the speed is increasing, what is the object doing?
Accelerating
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If the speed is decreasing, what is the object doing?
Decelerating
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What is acceleration measured in?
Metres per second
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What is the formula for measuring acceleration?
acceleration = change in speed/time taken
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What is velocity?
A measure of speed in a particular direction
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What is the unit of force?
The Newton (N)
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What is the formula for force?
force = mass x acceleration
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What is thinking distance?
The distance travelled between a driver seeing a danger and taking action to avoid it
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What is breaking distance?
The distance travelled before a car comes to a stop after the brakes have been applied
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What is the formula for stopping distance?
stopping distance = thinking distance + breaking distance
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Why might the reaction time of a driver increase? (4)
Tiredness, alcohol or drugs, travelling faster, distraction or lack of concentration
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Why may breaking distance increase? (3)
If the road conditions are poor, car isn't properly maintained, speed is increased
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What is transferred when work is done?
Energy
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What is work and energy measured in?
Joules (J)
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What is the formula for work?
work done = force x distance moved (in the direction of the force)
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What is weight a measure of?
The gravitational attraction on a body acting towards the centre of the Earth
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What is the formula of weight?
weight = mass x gravitational strength
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What is power?
The rate at which work is done
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What is the formula for power?
power = work done/time taken
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What is greater in more powerful cars?
Fuel consumption
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What do moving objects have?
Kinetic energy
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What does kinetic energy increase with? (2)
Increasing mass and increasing speed
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What are petrol and diesel?
Fossil fuels made from crude oil
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What are two alternative energy sources for vehicles?
Biofuels and solar energy
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What does a moving car have?
Momentum
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What is the formula for momentum?
momentum = mass x velocity
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What do modern cars have?
Safety features that absorb energy when a vehicle stops suddenly
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What are the safety features that cars have? (5)
Brakes that get hot; crumple zones that change shape; seat belts; seat belts that stretch; air bags that inflate and squash; collapsible steering column
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On impact, what do crumple zones at the front and rear of a car do?
Absorb some of its energy by changing shape or 'crumpling'
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On impact, what do seatbelts do?
Stretch a little so that some of the person's kinetic energy is converted to elastic energy
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On impact, what do air bags do?
Absorb some of the person's kinetic energy by squashing up around them
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Why do some people not like to wear seatbelts? (3)
Risk of chest injury; trapped in fire; drivers might drive less carefully
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What does the size of the air resistance force on falling depend on?
It's cross-sectional area and it's speed
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What don't free-falling objects experience?
Air resistance
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What do free-falling objects do?
They accelerate downwards at the same rate irrespective of mass or shape
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What do all friction forces do?
Slow an object down
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How can the frictional forces between surfaces be reduced?
By lubricating the surfaces
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How can frictional forces on vehicles be reduced?
By streamlining their shapes
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What does an object that is held above the ground have?
Gravitational potential energy
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What does the amount of gravitational energy an object has, depend on?
It's mass and it's height above the ground
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What is gravitational potential energy measured in?
Joules (J)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

To determine speed, what needs to measured?

Back

Distance and time

Card 3

Front

What are the units of speed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What can be used to measure speed in everyday situations?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the formula for speed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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pameladickoxo

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this is p2 not p3

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