P1 AQA Keywords

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Infrared radation
Electromagnetic waves between visible light and microwaves in the electromagnetic spectrum.
1 of 101
Emit
Give out radiation.
2 of 101
Absorber
A substance that takes in radiation.
3 of 101
Emitter
A substance that gives out radiation
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Reflector
A substance that reflects radiation.
5 of 101
Solid
A state of matter in which the particles vibrate around fixed positions.
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Liquid
A state of matter in which the particles are in contact with each other but can move about at random.
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Gas
A state of matter in which the particles are usually far apart and move about at random quickly.
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Conduction
Transfer of energy from particle to particle in matter.
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Conductor
Material/ object that conducts.
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Free electron
Electron that moves about freely inside a metal and is not held inside an atom.
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Insulator
Material/ object that is a poor conductor.
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Convection
Transfer of energy by the bulk movement of a heated fluid.
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Fluid
A liquid or a gas.
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Convection current
The circular motion of matter caused by heating fluids.
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Evaporation
Turning from a liquid into a vapour.
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Temperature
The degree of hotness of a substance.
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Condensation
Turning from a vapour into a liquid.
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Temperature difference
Difference in temperature between two points.
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Maximise
Make as big as possible.
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Minimise
Make as small as possible.
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Specific heat capacity
Energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celcius.
22 of 101
Mass
The quantity of matter in an object.
23 of 101
Energy transfer
Movement of energy from one place to another or one form to another.
24 of 101
Solar heating panel
Sealed panel designed to use sunlight to heat water running through it.
25 of 101
Kinetic energy
Energy of a moving object due to its motion.
26 of 101
Electrical energy
Energy transferred by the movement of electrical charge.
27 of 101
Gravitational potential energy
Energy of an object due to its position in a gravitational field.
28 of 101
Elastic potential energy
Energy stored in an elastic object when work is done to change its shape,
29 of 101
Chemical energy
Energy of an object due to chemical reactions in it.
30 of 101
Conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
31 of 101
Machine
A device that transfers energy from one place to another or one form to another.
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Useful energy
Energy transferred to where it is wanted in the form it is wanted.
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Wasted energy
Energy that is not usefully transferred.
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Joule (J)
The unit of energy
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Input energy
Energy supplied to a machine.
36 of 101
Efficiency
Useful energy transferred by a device divided by total energy supplied to the device.
37 of 101
Sankey diagram
An energy transfer diagram
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Power
The energy transformed or transferred per second (measured in watts).
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Watt (W)
The unit of power.
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Kilowatt (kW)
1000 watts.
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Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Electrical energy supplied to a 1kW electrical devise in 1 hour.
42 of 101
Cost effectiveness
How much something gives value for money when purchase, running and other costs are taken into account.
43 of 101
Payback time
Time taken for something to produce savings to match how much it cost.
44 of 101
Turbine
A machine that uses hot gas or steam to turn a shaft.
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Generator
A machine that produces a voltage.
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Fossil fuel
Fuel obtained from long-dead biological material.
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Biofuel
Fuel made from animal or plant products.
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Nuclear fission
The process in which nuclei split into two fragments, releasing energy and two or three neutrons as a result.
49 of 101
Renewable energy
Energy from sources that never run out including wind energy, wave energy, tidal energy, hydroelectricity, solar energy and geothermal energy.
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Wave
Disturbance in water.
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Tide
Rise and fall of sea level because the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun.
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Solar energy
Energy from the Sun.
53 of 101
Solar cell
Electrical cell that produces a voltage when in sunlight (usually connected together in solar cell panels).
54 of 101
Solar power tower
Tower surrounded by mirrors that reflect sunlight onto a water tank at the top of the tower.
55 of 101
Geothermal energy
Energy from hot underground rocks.
56 of 101
Non-renewable
Something which cannot be replaced once it is used up.
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National Grid
The network of cables and transformers used to transfer electricity from power stations to consumers (i.e. homes, shops, offices, factories, etc).
58 of 101
Step-up transformer
Electrical device that is used to step up the size of an alternating voltage.
59 of 101
Step-down transformer
Electrical device that is used to step down the size of an alternating voltage.
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Base load
Constant amount of electricity generated by power stations.
61 of 101
Start-up time
Time taken for a power station to produce electricity after it is switched on.
62 of 101
Transverse wave
Wave in which the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
63 of 101
Oscillation
Moving to and fro about a certain position along a line.
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Perpendicular
At right angles.
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Longitudinal wave
Wave in which the vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
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Compression
Squeezed together.
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Rarefraction
Stretched apart.
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Electromagnetic wave
Electric and magnetic disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another.
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Mechanical wave
Vibration that travels through a substance.
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Amplitude
The height of a wave crest or a wave trough of a transverse wave from the rest position.
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Wavelength
The distance from one wave crest to the next wave crest (along the waves).
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Frequency
The number of wave crests passing a fixed point every second.
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Speed
Distance moved divided by time taken.
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Plane mirror
A flat mirror.
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Normal
Straight line through a surface or boundary perpendicular to the surface or boundary.
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Angle of incidence
Angle between the incident ray and the normal.
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Angle of reflection
Angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
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Real image
An image formed where light rays meet.
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Virtual image
An image, seen in a lens or a mirror, from which light rays appear to come after be refracted by the lens or reflected by the mirror.
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Boundary
Line along which two substances meet.
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Refraction
The change in direction of a light ray when it passes across a boundary between two transparent substances (including air).
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Diffraction
The spreading out of waves when they pass through a gap or around an obstacle that has a similar size as the wavelength of the waves.
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Sound
A form of mechanical energy.
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Echo
Reflected sound wave (that can be heard).
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Pitch
The pitch of a sound increases if the frequency of the sound increases.
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Gamma ray
The highest energy wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.
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X-ray
High energy wave from part of the electromagnetic spectrum between gamma rays and ultraviolet waves.
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Ultraviolet radiation
Electromagnetic radiation just beyond the blue end of the visible spectrum.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
A set of radiations that have different frequencies and wavelengths but all travel at the same speed in a vacuum.
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Wave speed
Speed of travel of a wave.
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Visible light
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye.
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Microwave
A low energy wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum that are used in communications.
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Radio wave
Longest wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Band
Part of the radio and microwave spectrum used for communications.
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Optical fibre
The glass fibre used to send light signals along.
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Doppler effect
The change in wavelength and frequency of the waves from a moving source due to the motion of the source towards or away from the observer.
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Red-shift
Increase in wavelength of the electromagnetic waves emitted by a star or galaxy due to its motion away from us. The faster the speed of the star or galaxy, the greater the red-shift is.
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Blue-shift
Decrease in wavelength of electromagnetic waves emitted by a star or galaxy due to its motion towards us. The faster the speed of the star of galaxy, the greater the blue-shift is.
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Big Bang theory
The theory that the universe was created in a massive explosion from a small initial point and that the universe has been expanding ever since.
100 of 101
Cosmic microwave background radiation
Electromagnetic radiation that has been travelling through space ever since it was created shortly after the Big Bang.
101 of 101

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Give out radiation.

Back

Emit

Card 3

Front

A substance that takes in radiation.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A substance that gives out radiation

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A substance that reflects radiation.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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