Organic Chemistry

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  • Created by: rachmhw
  • Created on: 16-04-19 14:50
what are fuels?
things that release heat energy when they combust in oxygen
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names of fuels
coal, natural gas and petroleum (oil)
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what is natural gas mainly?
methane
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what does non-renewable mean?
once they have been used up they will run out
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what are hydrocarbons?
molecules containing carbon and hydrogen only
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what is petroleum?
a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separates into fractions by fractional distillation
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how do you remember the orders of the fractions?
Rachel Green Needs Kale During Friend's Late Birthday
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what does the acronym for the fractions mean?
refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating oil, bitumen
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what are the uses of refinery gas?
bottles gas for heating and cooking
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what are the uses of gasoline?
petrol for cars
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what are the uses of naphtha?
making chemicals
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what are the uses of kerosene?
jet fuel
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what are the uses of diesel oil?
diesel engine fuel for buses, lorries and cars
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what are the uses of fuel oil?
fuel oil for ships and home heating
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what are the uses of lubricating oil?
lubricants, waxes and polishes
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what are the uses of bitumen?
making road surfaces
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which fraction has the longest number of carbon atoms?
bitumen, the longest chain
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how is petroleum treated during fractional distillation?
heated in a furnace to 350 degrees, fractions boil off with others of similar boiling points
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what is the states of most of the fractions?
liquids, gases right at the top (lowest boiling point)
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what happens as you go up the column of fractions?
the molecules have fewer carbon atoms, less viscous and flow easily, lower boiling points, more flammable
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what is cracking?
the breaking down of larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules
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example of cracking decane
decane = octane + ethene + hydrogen
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what is a by-product of cracking?
hydrogen
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what is hydrogen used for?
in the Haber process to manufacture ammonia
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properties of alkanes?
saturates hydrocarbons - single C-C bonds AND homologous series AND no functional group
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names of alkanes
methane, ethane, propane, butane
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what are the characteristics of alkanes being a homologous series?
same general formula - CnH2n+2 AND each member differs by CH2 AND boiling and melting point increase as you increase number of carbon atoms, similar properties due to same functional group
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which alkane has a structural isomer?
butane - it is methylpropane
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what is a structural isomer?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
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what are chemical properties of alkanes?
generally unreactive
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how do alkanes burn in oxygen?
plentiful oxygen is complete combustion (methane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water)
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what are alkanes used for because they burn in oxygen?
as fuels because they release a lot of heat energy when burnt
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what is formed in incomplete combustion?
carbon monoxide (poisonous)
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what is a substitution reaction?
when one atom is swapped for another
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how do alkanes react with chlorine?
react with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light - hydrogen atoms is substituted for a chlorine atom
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what is the substitution reaction that alkanes undergo with chlorine called?
photochemical reactions
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how can aklenes be made?
by the cracking of alkanes
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properties of alkenes?
unsaturated (double C=C bond) AND a homologous series of functional group C=C
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names of alkenes?
ethene, propene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene
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what is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?
unsaturated hydrocarbons turn aqueous bromine from orange to colourless
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what is the general formula for alkene?
CnH2n
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why are alkene reactive?
because they have a double bond
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what is an addition reaction?
when 2 molecules react together to form one larger molecule with no other products
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how does ethene react with hydrogen?
ethene is heated (with hydrogen) with a nickle catalyst to form ethane
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how does ethene react with steam?
addition reaction - ethanol is formed, high pressure and high temp is used with a phosphoric acid
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what is poly(ethene)?
a polymer
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what is the monomer of poly(ethene)?
ethene
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what is addition polymerisation?
all monomers join together to form the polymer and there are not other products
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features of alcohols?
a homologous series, functional group of -OH
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names of alcohols?
methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
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what is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
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examples of isomers of alcohols?
propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
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how can you manufacture ethanol?
during fermentation of catalytic addition of steam
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how do you make ethanol from fermentation?
fermentation of simple sugars: using enzymes in yeast: glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide
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how do you separate ethanol and water?
fractional distillation
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how do you separate dead yeast from the solution?
filtration
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how do you make ethanol from the catalytic addition of steam and ethene?
ethene + steam = ethanol
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what are the conditions for the catalytic addition of steam and ethene?
300 degrees, 70 atm, phosphoric acid catalyst
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what are the conditions for fermentation?
37 degrees, 1 atm, little energy of harvesting and transporting crops
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advantages of fermentation to make ethanol?
renewable, cheap
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disadvantages of fermentation to make ethanol?
batch process (stopped and restarted- take time and money), slow reaction, low percentage yield
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advantages of catalytic addition of steam and ethene to make ethanol?
continuous process, fast rate of reaction, very high percentage yield
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disadvantages of catalytic addition of steam and ethene to make ethanol?
non-renewable, expensive
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how does ethanol burn in the air or oxygen?
ethanol + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
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what are uses of ethanol?
as a fuel - gives out a lot of energy when burnt and renewable AND a solvent - OH group means it can dissolve many organic compounds (perfumes)
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how can you create ethanoic acid from ethanol?
oxidise it
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what are the 2 ways of oxidising ethanol?
using oxygen from air OR using acidified potassium manganate (VII)
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equation for making ethanoic acid by using oxygen?
C2H5OH + O2 = CH3COOH + H20 (can happen during fermentation is left in air)
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what is the equatino for making ethanoic acid by using potassium manganate (VII)?
C2H5OH + 2[O] = CH3COOH + H20
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what happens when a carboxylic acid and alcohol react?
an ester is formed
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examples of ester reactions?
ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate + water (using sulfuric acid as a catalyst)
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features of carboxylic acids?
homologous series of functional group -COOH
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what is ethanoic dissolved in water?
vinegar
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what kind of smell does ethanoic acid have?
pungent one
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what is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
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properties of aqueous ethanoic acid
behaves like typical acid: pH 4 (weak acid) AND turns litmus paper red and methyl orange to red AND reacts with metals to form salt + hydrogen AND reacts with bases to form salt + water AND reacts with carbonates to form salt + water + carbon dioxide
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what are ester like?
sweet-smelling compounds formed by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acids as a catalyst
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what are polymers?
large molecules build up from small units (monomers)
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equation of propanoic acid and methanol reaction?
propanoic acid + methanol = methyl propanoate + water
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what are most man-made/ synthetic polymers called?
plastics -formed into products or into fibres
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examples of typical plastics?
poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(styrene), poly(chloroethene) / PVC, polyamide (nylon), polyester (terylene)
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uses of nylon
woven into fabrics for clothing
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uses of terylene
woven into fabrics for clothing
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why are plastics useful?
because they are unreactive - makes them non-biodegradable
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problems caused by pollution of plastics `
Hard to dispose: landfill sites, incineration = toxic fumes / greenhouse gases, recycling (difficult/ expensive to separate)
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what is condensation polymers?
formed when monomers join together and a small molecules if ejected (water)
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why is nylon called polyamide?
because the monomers are joined together by amide linkages
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what type of polymer is nylon?
condensation polymer - water is ejected
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what does the monomer for nylon look like?
monomer
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what does an amide linkage look like?
amide linkage
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what does nylon look like?
nylon
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why is terylene called polyester?
because the monomers are joined together by ester linkages
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what does an ester linkage look like?
ester linkage
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what types of polymer is terylene?
a condensation polymer - water is ejected
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what does the monomer of terylene look like?
monomer
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what does terylene look like?
terylene
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what are examples of natural polymers?
carbohydrates and proteins
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why are carbohydrates and proteins important?
they are constituents of the food we eat
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what are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
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how are amino acids joined together?
with amide linkages
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what types of polymer are proteins?
condensation polymers - water is ejected
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what do proteins looks like?
protein
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what do amino acids look like?
amino acid
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what is hydrolysis?
the breaking down of a compound using water
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what is the hydrolysis of proteins?
proteins to amino acids, water splits amide linkages into original amino acid, acid is used as a catalyst
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how do you find the amino acids when doing chromatography as they are colourless?
using a locating reagent. each amino acid has a different Rf value
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what do carbohydrate molecules contain?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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what is glucose?
a simple carbohydrate, a simple sugar
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what types of polymer is starch?
a condensation polymer - water is ejected
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what do sugars look like?
sugars
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what does starch look like?
starch
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what is the hydrolysis of starch?
starch to simple sugars, water molecules split the links between sugar units, enzymes or acids catalase this
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how does the hydrolysis of starch help human bodies?
provides simple sugars that are used to provide energy
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Card 4

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Card 5

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