Organic Chemistry

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  • Created by: 07BO02
  • Created on: 21-02-18 17:35
What is a hydrocarbon?
Any compound that is formed from only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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What is a homologous series?
A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way.
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What is a functional group?
A group of atoms in a molecule that determine how that molecule typically reacts.
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Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated? And do they have any double bond?
They are saturated and only have single bonds.
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What are the first 4 alkanes and their formulas?
1) Methane (CH4) 2) Ethane (C2H6) 3) Propane (C3H8) 4) Butane (C4H10)
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What is the general formula for alkanes?
Cn H2n+2
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Are shorter or longer hydrocarbon chains more viscous?
Longer hydrocarbon chains are more viscous.
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Are shorter or longer hydrocarbon chains more volatile (have lower boiling points)?
Shorter hydrocarbon chains are more volatile.
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Are shorter or longer hydrocarbon chains more flammable?
Shorter hydrocarbon chains are more flammable.
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What is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
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What is crude oil and how is it formed?
Crude oil is a fossil fuel that's formed from the compressing remains of plants and animals buried in mud over millions of years.
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What separation technique is used to separated the hydrocarbons in crude oil?
Fractional distillation
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What is the first step in the fractional distillation of crude oil?
The oil is heated until most of it evaporates into a gas and the gases enter the distillation column.
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Where in the column do shorter hydrocarbon chains condense and drain out and why?
Closer to the top because they have lower boiling points so they condense in the cooler regions near the top.
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Where in the column do longer hydrocarbon chains condense and drain out and why?
Closer to the bottom because they have high boiling points so the condense in the hotter regions near the bottom.
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What are 2 ways the products created from the fractional distillation of crude oil are used in modern life?
1) Fuel made from crude oil is used for most modern transport - e.g. diesel oil, kerosene etc. 2) Some of the hydrocarbons are used as feed stock to make things like polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents.
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What is cracking?
A thermal decomposition reaction that breaks down big molecules into smaller ones by heating them.
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What is the first step in the cracking of hydrocarbons?
You heat the long-chain hydrocarbons until they vaporise.
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What happens in catalytic cracking?
The vapour of the hydrocarbons are passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. The long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst.
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What happens in steam cracking?
The vapour of the hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and then heated to a very high temperature which splits the molecules apart.
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What is the standard word equation for the cracking of a hydrocarbon?
Long-chain hydrocarbon --> Shorter-chain alkane + alkene
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What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C (double carbon bond)
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Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated and why?
They're unsaturated because the carbon double bond means they have less hydrogen atoms.
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Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
The C=C bond can easily open up and allow the carbon atoms to bond with other atoms.
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What are the first 4 alkenes and their formulas?
1) Ethene (C2H4) 2) Propene (C3H6) 3) Butene (C4H8) 4) Pentene (C5H10)
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What is the general formula for alkenes?
Cn H2n
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Why do alkenes usually burn with a smoky yellow flame and release less energy than when alkanes are burnt?
They normally undergo incomplete combustion instead of complete combustion.
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What is the standard equation for the incomplete combustion of an alkene?
Alkene + Oxygen --> Carbon + Carbon monoxide + Carbon dioxide + Water
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What factor affects whether only carbon dioxide is released or some carbon or carbon monoxide is also released?
The amount of oxygen that is present in the reaction.
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What is the standard word equation for the hydrogenation of alkenes?
Alkene + Hydrogen --> Equivalent Alkane (e.g. Ethene + hydrogen --> Ethane)
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What are the conditions used in the hydrogenation of alkenes?
A temperature of around 60 *C and a nickel catalyst.
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What is the standard word equation for the reaction between alkenes and halogens?
Alkene + Halogen --> Dihalogenoalkane (e.g. Propene + Bromine --> 1,2 Dibromopropane)
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What is the test for alkenes using bromine water?
When mixed together, alkenes turn bromine water from a bright orange-brown colour to colourless.
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What is the standard word equation for the hydration of alkenes?
Alkene + Water --> Equivalent Alcohol (e.g. Butene + Water --> Butanol)
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What are the conditions used in the hydration of alkenes?
High temperatures as the water is present as steam and a phosphoric acid catalyst.
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That is the functional group of alcohols?
-OH
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What is the general formula for alcohols?
Cn H2n+1 OH
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What are the first 4 alcohols and their formulas?
1) Methanol (CH3OH) 2) Ethanol (C2H5OH/CH3CH2OH) 3) Propanol (C3H7OH) 4) Butanol (C4H9OH)
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Do alcohols undergo complete or incomplete combustion?
Alcohols undergo complete combustion.
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What do you react alcohols with to produce carboxylic acids?
You react alcohols with oxygen to form carboxylic acids.
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What are 2 ways alcohols are used in industry?
1) Alcohols such as ethanol and methanol are used as solvents. 2) The first 4 alcohols are used as fuels.
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What are 2 ways ethanol is made in industry?
1) The hydration of ethene 2) Fermentation.
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What is fermentation?
The process of producing ethanol through the anaerobic respiration of yeast.
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What is the word equation for fermentation?
Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
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What are the conditions used for fermentation?
A temperature around 37 *C, under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) and it is in a slightly acidic solution.
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What could happen if the optimum conditions for fermentation aren't used?
If different pHs and temperatures are used the enzymes could denature or the reaction could happen a slower rate.
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What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
-COOH
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What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
Cn-1 H2n-1 COOH
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What are the first 4 carboxylic acids and their formulas?
1) Methanoic acid (HCOOH) 2) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) 3) Propanoic acid (C2H5COOH) 4) Butanoic acid (C3H7COOH)
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What is the word equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?
Ethanoic acid + Sodium carbonate --> Sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
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Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?
When dissolved in water, carboxylic acids don't completely ionise (release all the H+ ions) so they form weak acidic solutions.
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What is the function group of esters?
-COO-
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How can you form esters?
Esters are formed from the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids. An acid catalyst (e.g. concentrated sulfuric acid) is usually used in speed up the reaction.
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What is the standard word equation for the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids?
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid --> Ester + Water
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How are esters named?
The first part comes from the alcohol and second part comes form the carboxylic acid. E.g. If methanol is reacted with butanoic acid, the ester made would be methyl butanoate.
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How are esters used?
Esters are used in perfumes and as flavourings in food as they have distinctive smells.
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What is polymerisation?
It is the process of monomers joining together to form long molecules called polymers.
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What happens in addition polymerisation?
Multiple unsaturated monomers (e.g. alkenes) open up their double carbon covalent bonds and join together to form polymer chains. Only one product is made with is the polymer.
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What happens in condensation polymerisation?
Monomers which contain different functional groups react together and form bonds between them, making polymer chains. For each new bond that's formed, a small molecule (e.g. water) is lost.
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What's the standard word equation for forming a polyester using condensation polymerisation?
Diol + Dicarboxylic acid --> Polyester chain + Water
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How are proteins formed by condensation polymerisation of amino acids?
Amino acids have a basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic caboxyl group (COOH). The amino group of one amino acid reacts with the acid group of another and form polypeptides (proteins). For every new bond that's formed, water is made.
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What are 2 large polymers made from sugar?
1) Starch is polymer made of amylose and amylopectin (both are glucose structures) 2) Cellulose is a polymer made of glucose
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