organic chemistry

study of hydrocarbons and there derivatives

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hydrocarbons

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only that have covalent bonding

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homologous series

a group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical properties but show a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in size and mass

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number of bonds

carbon:4 bonds hydrogen: 1 bond x(fl,br,1)halides: 1 oxygen:2 nitrogen: 3

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saturated hydrocarbons

contain c-c and undergo substitution reactions

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unsaturated hydrocarbons

contain atleast c=c and undergo addition reactions

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substitution reactions

when two reactants react in such a way that two products are formed with some part exchanged

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addition reactions

when two molecules form one large molecule (one reactant is unsaturated while product is saturated)

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NAMES

1 carbon: meth 2 carbon: eth 3 carbon: prop 4 carbon: but 5 carbon: pent

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Alkane

homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with general class formula of CnH2n+2

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physical properties of Alkanes

1) viscosity 2)Mr 3)vanderwal forces 4) Density 5)M.p and B.p increases as umber of carbon atoms increase ( down the group) ; alkanes are insoluble in water ; color darkens down the group

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chemical properties of Alkanes

usually unreactive except react with 1) oxygen for combustion 2) react with halogens by giving substitution reactions

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alkane substitution reaction

is an endothermic photochemical reaction done in the presence of u.v light and cannot be carried out in darkness

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trichloromathane

chlorofoam and is used in anesthesia

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tetrachloromethane

solvent in dry cleaning

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isomers

compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula thus their chemical properties are same but physical properties differ

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alkene

homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n and undergo addition reactions

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physical properties

same as alkanes

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chemical properties

undergo combustion reactions with oxygen

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test for unsaturated molecule?

react substance with aqueous bromine. If the color of bromine changes from brown to colorless then it means that the substance is unsaturated salt

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hydrogenation

reacting alkene with hydrogen nickel: catalyst temperature:170 degree Celsius

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hydrogenation industrial use

manufacturing of margarine. vegetable oils are polyunsaturated and reacting them with hydrogen converts them to margarine that is saturated

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hydration

formation of alcohol by reacting alkene with steam.

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hydration process

alkene + steam= alcohol + gas con. phosphoric acid H3PO4 used as catalyst with 350 degree Celsius and 60 a.t.m room temp and pressure

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alkenes reaction with halogengs

produce bromoethane e.t.c

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polyunsaturated

(of an organic compound, especially a fat or oil molecule) containing several double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

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alcohol

homologous series containing the -OH group with general class formula of CnH2n+1- OH

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manufacturing of alcohol

1) Industrial manufacturing: alkene + steam = alcohol

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manufacturing of alcohol

2) Fermentation: glucose = alcohol + carbon dioxide catalyst: yeast(produces the enzyme zymase) 35°C in anaerobic conditions

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Fermentation

below 18°C the enzyme with not activate and after 60°C the enzyme with denature so the optimum temperature is 35/40°C

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Fermentation

anaerobic conditions bc oxygen will kill the enzyme

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fermentation

18% alcohol conc. as more will kill enzyme bc its antiseptic. pure alcohol can be obtained through fractional distillation. Fermentation is more convenient as glucose is a renewable resource.

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physical properties

1) m.p and b.p 2)solubility increases as number of carbon atoms increase (down the group)

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m.p and b.p

low as simple molecules but more than alkanes and alkenes as alcohol have stronger bonds as compared to hydrocarbons

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chemical properties

1) combustion 2) reaction with sodium metal 3) dehydration

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dehydration

formation of alkene and water from alcohol with conc. h2so4 and heat

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uses of alcohol

1) a constituent in alcoholic beverages 2)antiseptic wipes 3) solvent 4) fuel 5) thermometer

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organic chemistry

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