flowers petals fall, seed pod slit, crude opium collected in milky sap, thickens and darkens, opium boiled in lime CaCO3 (10% of opium is morphine, 5% codeine)
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Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Swiss occultist named opium tincture Laudanum
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Sydenham (1624-1689)
popularised Laudanum - in England and US popularised as quasi therapeutic effect for women as alc seen undignified- popular among flamboyant men
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Serturner (1782-1841)
isolated morphine
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Robiquet (1821)
isolated codeine
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CR Alder Wright (1874) Hoffman (1898)
process that found heroin/diacetylmorphine- morphine cooked with acetic acid
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Sokolowska, Siegel and Kim (2003)
show evidence of intra-administration associations e.g. weak and early drug effects act as a signal for (the opponent processes of) the subsequent larger effects
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Siegel, Hinson and Krank (1982)
control 2 dif envis one white noise one not, twice in each room saline given large dose of heroin in fifth occasion 96% died
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differently tested...
given 1mg in one place then 8mg in same place on dif day, last trial dif envi given 15mg only 64.3% died
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similarly tested
1mg then 8mg then 15mg in same evni 32.2% psych tolderance mechanism in addition to cellular tolerance
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Siegel (1978)
if given saline in one room over trials then morphine in same room on test increase temp hyperthermic reaction, if always given morphine in that room expect the morphine so tolerance to temp
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McCollouch Effect
contingent after effect- opposite percept is contingent the viewer being presented with a stripe that the colour was preexposed with
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