Opiods
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- Created by: francesca_321
- Created on: 22-03-17 17:09
What does Sap contain?
The only 3 opiates: morphine, codein and thebaine
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What is opiod mean?
Natural or synthetic exogenous drug that mimics morphine
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What does endorphin?
Endogenous morphine mimic
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Opium was used from Greek to Victorian england, but what was Laudanum used for?
By women who thought alcohol use was considered undignified
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What did Fedrich SErtuner use?
Isolated morphine in 1803
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What was found by Pierre Robiquet?
Codeine, AKA methoxymorphine
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What was morphine cooked with?
Acetic acid to produce diacetylmorphine
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What did Hoffman invent in 1898?
Asprin by adding acetyl groups to salicylic acid and sought similar benefits
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What did Hoffman and Dreser name their diacetylmorphine?
heroin
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What did they say heroin was not?
Addictive
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How does morphine make heroin?
hydroxyl group ionizes morphine with acetyle group which makes a vinegar taste
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Why does fat solubility increase heroins potency?
Oral morphine must pass through the intestine and the blood brain barrier before getting to the CNS
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What does the intestinal and blood barrier cells have?
Bilayered phospholipid membrane
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What is the membranes middle portion?
is rather impenetrable to ionised moleules but will let pass non ionised molecules
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What do opiates primarily effect?
The intestines and the central nervous system
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What are the initial effect?
Analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, decrease blood pressure, pupil constriction, flushed warm skin constipation
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What are the subsequent effects?
Pain, yawning, dysphoria, increased blood pressure, pupil dilation, goosebumps, diarrhoea
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What happens to pupils?
Constricted then dilated, constriction : miosis, Dilation: mydriasis
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What happens to fibres among other places the perlaqueductal gray to where?
Onto the dorsal horn, and turn down nociception sensitivity, this is one way opiods have their action
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What is involved in pain?
Higher areas
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For example?
A man is attempting to turn off his higher areas (turning away from his arm)
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What does the body create?
Its own opiods: Endorphins; enkephalins and dynorphins
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What do certain neurones contain?
Opiod receptors
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What do exogenous opiods do?
Hijak the endogenous system
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What are the three types of receptors?
Mu, delta and Kappa
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Where is the densest location of Mu?
Thalamus, periaqueductal gray
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What is the function of Mu?
Analgesia, reinforcement, respiratory, depression and vomiting
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What is the endogenous agonist of Mu?
Endomorphins
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What is the densest location of delta?
Neocortex, striatum
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What is the function of delta?
analgesia, reinforcement, cognitive function
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What is the endogenous agonist for delta?
Dynorphins
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What is the densest location of Kappa?
pituitary, hypothalamus
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What is the function of Kappa?
Neuroendocrine function, temperature control, dysphoria
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What is the endogenous agonist?
Enkephalin
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Drugs that attach to a receptor to mimic the endogenous transmitter are called?
Agonists
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For example?
Morphine is a mu receptor agoinst
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What is an antagonist?
A drug that attaches to receptors and block action of agonists and endogenous transmitters
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What are Naloxone and Buprenorphine?
Opiod antagonists
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What does Naloxone do?
It is a full antagonist, which replaces morphine at opiod receptors because its inert, its a life saver
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What is Buprenorphine?
A partial antagonist, which also replaces morphine at opiod receptors
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HOw do Buprenorphin differ from Naloxone?
It is weakly active and so can act as an analgesic or in the treatment of opioid addiction
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What have Buprenorphine and naloxone have similarly?
Shaped molecules to morphine and neither would do too much unless youd taken an opiod
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What do opiates primarily affect?
Intestines and the central nervous system
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What is the McCollouch effect?
Learning with drugs, A contingent after effect: Its opposite percet is contingent the viewer being presented with a particular stripe that the colour was preexposed with
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What did Siegal maintain?
McCulloch effect is no different from the conditioned opponent processes that occur with drugs
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What happened in pavlovian conditioning?
A signal stimulus precedes delivery of some outcome, Metronome + food
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What is the associative learning?
Implied when the signal alone elicits the outcomes response: Metronome --> salivation
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The response will extinguish if?
The signal is presented without the outcome, therefore the metronome can be presented then salvation will occur
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What did Siegal assert?
drug tolerance and drug craving can be understood by assuming that signals paired with drugs become associated with the secondary responses, pain and goosebumps
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When can dysphoria occur
When the morphine is taken and when it is not taken
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What is one unconditioned response to morphine?
Euphoria
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What is the subsequent opponent response/
Dysphoria becomes associated with the other stimuli
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What might we say in parlence of associative learning theory?
We might say that the conditioned response modifies the unconditional response, we cant feel euphoria and dysphoria at the same time so we feel less euphoric than when we did morphine the first time
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When can the dysphoria occur?
When the morphine is taken and when it is not taken
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for example, what is drug craving?
In the absence of morphine, the same drug associated cues can still operate the opponent process, dysphoria
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What does drug craving cause?
Relapse
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What is the best way to offset the dysphoria?
Take morphine
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What are drug related cues?
Paraphernalia needed to take the drug will usually occur before and during the morphine
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What is another drug related cue?
The context in wich morphine is taken could enter into association
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What is the early onset?
Of the drug could signal the full effect
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Measurements of opiod responses in the rat, what happens?
Looking at pain, a hot plate to see how often the rat moves its tail away from heat with and without morphine
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What else?
Measure body temperature of the rat
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What happened to the control rats in Segals study?
96% died after a large dose of heorin without being given heroin before
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What happened to the similarly tested rats?
Slow doses increase before test improve prospects, some heroin tolerance adaption occurs, these rats had an increased dose of heroin throughout the 20 days
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What about the differently tested rats?
The rats were given heroin in the yellow context but when given heroin in the gray area, 64% died
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what is the conclusion?
Some physiological tolerance mechanisms (perhaps in addition to cellular tolerance)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is opiod mean?
Back
Natural or synthetic exogenous drug that mimics morphine
Card 3
Front
What does endorphin?
Back
Card 4
Front
Opium was used from Greek to Victorian england, but what was Laudanum used for?
Back
Card 5
Front
What did Fedrich SErtuner use?
Back
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