Oceans

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What makes a solute soluble in a solvent?
The energy released in forming new intermolecular bonds between solute and solvent molecules is greater than the energy required to break the pre-existing intermolecular bonds between solute or solvent molecules.
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What is the definition of the enthalpy change of solution?
The enthalpy change what 1 mole of a solute dissolves to form an infinitely dilute solution under standard conditions
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What makes an ionic solute more soluble in water?
Higher charge density
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What is the definition of Lattice Enthalpy?
The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a solid is formed from its gaseous ions
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What makes the Lattice enthalpy more exothermic?
Higher charge density of ions
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What is the definition of the Enthalpy change of Hydration?
Enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous ions form an aqueous solution
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What makes the Enthalpy change of Hydration more exothermic?
Stronger ion-dipole interactions and more water molecules surrounding each ion
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What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?
A proton donor
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What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?
A proton acceptor
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What is the definition of a strong acid?
An acid which fully dissociates in an aqueous solution
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What is the definition of a weak acid?
An acid which only partially dissociates in aqueous solution
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What is the equation for the pH of an acid?
pH = -log[H+]
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What is the equation for the acidity constant?
Ka = [H+(aq)][A-(aq)]/[HA(aq)]
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What are the assumptions made when calculating the acidity constant of a weak acid?
[HA] at equilibrium = [HA] initially; [H+] = [A-] (i.e. no dissociation of water molecules)
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What is the equation for the ionic product of water?
Kw = [H+][OH-]
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What are the equations for the pOH?
pOH = -log[OH]; pOH = 14 - pH
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What is the definition of a Buffer?
A solution which can resist changes in pH despite dilution or the addition of small quantities of an acid or alkali
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What are the steps of Fractional Crystallisation?
1. Water is filtered 2. Heated to the boil 3. Impurities rise to the surface as froth and are skimmed off 4. Solution left to simmer 5. Salts crystallise out in an order according to the relative solubilities and abundances of the ions
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Why does the sea smell, and what consequence does this have on global warming and environmental pollution?
DMSP (a metabolite found in marine phytoplankton + seaweeds) is broken down by marine microbes to form DMS. DMS smells and is a source of cloud condensation nuclei as well as being readily oxidised to release SO2 which contributes to acid rain
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What does the green colour of the sea tell us?
The green colour is the colour of phytoplankton. Algal blooms can be identified by looking at the locations of this green colour using satellite images. The colour is also affected by mud and pollution
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What is entropy?
A measure of the amount of disorder in a system
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For a reaction to occur spontaneously, the total entropy must...
increase
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What is the equation for the change in entropy of a system?
Ssystem = Sproducts - Sreactants
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What is the equation for the change in entropy of the surroundings?
Ssurroundings = -enthalpy change/ temperature
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What is the equation for the total entropy change?
Stotal = Ssystem + Ssurroundings
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What is the definition of Ionisation Enthalpy?
The enthalpy change when 1 electron is removed from every atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms of an element
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What is the formula and charge of the nitrate (V) ion?
NO3-
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What is the formula and charge of the sulfate ion?
SO4(2-)
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What is the formula and charge of the carbonate ion?
CO3(2-)
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What is the formula and charge of the hydroxide ion?
OH-
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What is the formula and charge of the ammonium ion?
NH4+
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What is the formula and charge of the hydrogencarbonate ion?
HCO3-
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the definition of the enthalpy change of solution?

Back

The enthalpy change what 1 mole of a solute dissolves to form an infinitely dilute solution under standard conditions

Card 3

Front

What makes an ionic solute more soluble in water?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the definition of Lattice Enthalpy?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What makes the Lattice enthalpy more exothermic?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

sadia123

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Is this for OCR Salters F335?

Edit: Aah it is this is great! Thanks!

Kate Prescott

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Yes - I'm trying to create revision quizzes/ cards for all the modules within the F335 exam, including the relevant synoptic content (it's taking me a while though :P ). 

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