Oceanography Exam Questions

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  • Created by: ENee97
  • Created on: 20-07-18 20:20
What is coriolis deflection?
the apparent delfectioon which affects all bodies moving in relative motion to the earths spin about its axis.
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deflection in N.hem?
to the right of direction of motion
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Deflection in S.hem?
to the left of direction of motion
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why is defection apparent and not real curvature?
as the frame of reference is the earth (viewed as a fixed point) the body in motion appears to curve, even though it is moving in a straight line.
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5 properties of Oceanic Crust
7km thick. dark basiltic crust. density 2.9g/cm3. volcanic rock. Rich in SI, O and Mg
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5 properties of Continental Crust
30km thick. light coloured granite. coarse grained igneous rock. denisty 2.7g/cm3. Rich in Si, O and Al
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How do the properties of Oceanic and Continental Crust influence subduction?
as oceanic crust is ore dense than continental it sinks underneath when they meet at continental margins e.g. the Andes mountain range where the Nazca plate subductes beneath the south american plate.
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why is sea-surfce salinity strongey correlated to latitude?
insolation is strongest at the equator and weakest at the poles. insolation, evaporation and precipation contro sea-surface teperature. evaporation removes water from the sea surface, which raises saintiy whereas precipitation adds water to the sea.
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what does the systematic variation of precip and evap with lattude mean?
the systematica variation with latitude means that sea-surface temperature also varies systematically with latituude, being highest where evap predominates over a year and lowest where precip predominates over a year.
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How is the Deep laer of the ocean supplied with Dissolved Oxygen?
the only sources of oxgen for the ocean are surface related processes i.e diffusion across the air-sea interface, bubble formation due to collapsing waves and plant photosynthesis. deep water is also aerated by advecton of cold dense o2 rich poar wat
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How is the Deep laer of the ocean supplied with Dissolved CO2?
Dissoved co2 n polar water likewise is advected to the deep sea but it is aso supplemented by the insitu respiration or organisms everywhere in the depths of the sea.
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Changes waves undergo as they move from deep water and break on a shoreine?
the deep water waves slow down as their wave speed is now controlled by water depth instead of wave period/length. As shallow water waves move into increasingly shallower water, their wavelengths decr their height rises until they collapse as breaker
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what is the CCCD?
Calcium Carbonate Condensation Depth-depth in the ocean below which material that is made of calcium carbonate is dissolved & wont accumulate on the sea floor. the depth of the CCD s typicaly between 4-5km is a fuunction of acidity, temp and depthpa
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Descrie a Coccolithophore
a single celled, calcium carbonate secreting primary producer. these phytoplankton typically range between 5-100 micrometers across. exoskelton of CaCO3 coccoliths that are produced intracellularly and pushed to the to outer cel when formed
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Function of the Coccolithphore in the food web?
the are photsynthesisers which live in the upper water column, when ight and nutrients conditions are favurable here they form large phytopankton blooms. as primary producers they are responsible for fixing inorganic nutrients and creating biomass...
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Function of the Coccolithphore in the food web? continued...
via photosynthesis and are the base of many oeanic food chains.
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what is oil?
petroleum is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, as well as various amounts of nitrogen and metals
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what processes affect an oil spill?
once in the environment, an oil spill begins to be altered. spreading evap and emulsification dominate during the first few days of an oil spill. oil slick naturally spreads outwards and is dispersed by waves and currents (inc SA) the light fraction
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what processes affect an oil spill? contined...
of the oil evaps, the soluble portion dissolves into the water and the heavy insoluble fraction emulsifies (mixes into nother fluid without dissoling) and is vertically mied in the water column. later sedimentation and biodegration processes become
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what processes affect an oil spill? contined...
important in the weathering of an oil spill. eulsified oil forms globules that eventually become floating tar balls that eventually sink to the seabed or wash ashore where they are weathered or buried. microbes begin to degrade the petroleum into co2
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what processes affect an oil spill? contined...
larger organisms ingest and metabolize some of the oil. the rate at which the oil is dispersed and dissipated depends on the weather, waves and currents and the coposition of the crude
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Methods used to clean an oil spill?
floating blooms are floating barriers placed around the spilll to try to prevent it from dispersing so that it can be removed easily. this technique isnt effective if waves are large or winds and currents are strong. chemical dispersants disperse the
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Methods used to clean an oil spill? continued...
oil into the water. however, dispersant dont actually remove the oil, and frequntly are as damaging as the oil itself. burning the oil at the surface, it's difficult to igite and to keep burnng. it also creates air pollution that late settles onto
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Methods used to clean an oil spill? continued...
the sea. skimming involves emoving the surface water and recovering the oil. bioremediation involves stimulating th groth of microbes that feed on the oil os they decompose it. if the oil reaches the shore it should be removed w/o disturbing substrat
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describe the energy and mass transfer of ecosystem models, detailing efficiency of energy transfer through levels.
matter is recycled through the ecosystem as nutrients are incorprated into food by plant photop, dead organic matter is transformed back into nutrient by bacterial decoposition. by contrt energ cannot be recycled. it is lost in physiologic processes
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describe the energy and mass transfer of ecosystem models, detailing efficiency of energy transfer through levels.
such as movement, digestion, reproduction and growth and through loss of heat. energy transfer between tophic levels. the biomass of plants is much greater than the biomass of herbivores, which are more abundant then carnivores
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describe the energy and mass transfer of ecosystem models, detailing efficiency of energy transfer through levels. continued....
the reason fro the decr in biomass and number f organisms at each step of the food chain is the inefficient trnsfer f energy between trophic levels e.g. 10% is lost each time through physical processes such as growth. leading to the herbivore biomass
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describe the energy and mass transfer of ecosystem models, detailing efficiency of energy transfer through levels. continued....
a factor of 10. the same inefficient transfer occurs between hiher trophic levesl too
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examle of liner food chain?
1st diatoms (priary producers). 2nd - copepod. 3rd - anchovy. 4th - tuna.
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relationship between coral and zooxanthellae?
symbiotic relationship. coras offer algae protection from predators. corals consume zoplankton and excrete nutrients (NO3NH4 and PO4) which are used by the algae for photsynthesis that proides corals with oxygen and organic matter (food).
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relationship between coral and zooxanthellae? continued...
removes ammia, which results in inc alkalinity and enables corals to form their carbonate skeletons.
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How can environmental factors affect corals' relationships?
Coral reefs are hgihly susceptible to changes in temp, an inc of 0.5-1 in ambient seawater can stiulate higher rates of photp in symbiotic zooxanthellae that live within coral, resulting in a cellular build up of o2 that is toxic to the coral, which
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How can environmental factors affect corals' relationships? continued...
respnd by expeling their symbiotic algae from their gastroderal cells, which causes their tissue to whitten/bleach. if light levels decr due to water depth inc e.g. via rapid local sea level rise and or subsidence by seidment load inc or hurricanes
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How can environmental factors affect corals' relationships? continued...
/stroms which cover the reefs in sdiment can prevents photop, causing the death of corals. corals specifically are adapted to low nutrient enviros, inc in local nutirent suppl via polllution can stiulate growth of other photosynthetic groups that
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How can environmental factors affect corals' relationships? continued...
grow over the coral and prevent zooanthellae photop
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Card 2

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deflection in N.hem?

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to the right of direction of motion

Card 3

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Deflection in S.hem?

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Card 4

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why is defection apparent and not real curvature?

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Card 5

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5 properties of Oceanic Crust

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