OCD Research Flashcards
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- Created by: Jade Fullick
- Created on: 03-04-14 21:33
OCD (Genetic): Carey and Gottesman (1981)
Found an 87% concordance in mono zygotic twins.
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OCD (Genetic): Samuels et al. (2007)
Used gene mapping, found that hoarding compulsions are linked to chromosome 14.
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OCD (Genetic): Groothest et al. (2005)
70 years of twin studies, found that symptoms were heritable; 45 - 65% genetic influence in children, 27 - 47% in adults.
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OCD (Genetic): Lenane et al. (1990)
Used family studies, found that 30% of an OCD sufferers first degree family also had the disorder.
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OCD (Biochemical): Rachman (2004)
"There is no more evidence that patients with OCD have more or less serotonin than patients with other anxiety disorders or healthy controls".
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OCD (Biochemical): Dolberg (1996)
SSRIs produce a functional decrease in the amount of serotonin.
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OCD (Biochemical & Drug Therapy): Diccinelli et al. (1995)
Conducted a meta-analysis of 36 studies to assess the worth of antidepressants - found that they are effective short term and more effective than non-serotonergic drugs
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OCD (Anatomical): Evans, Lewis and Iobst (2004)
Found increased brain activity in areas identified by Baxter, when OCD symptoms are produced by phobic stimuli.
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OCD (Anatomical): Soriano - Mas et al (2007)
Found various anatomical differences between OCD patients and healthy controls - the orbital frontal cortex and caudate nucleus appear larger, attempted to categorise people (OCD or not) by their brain structure (77% correct).
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OCD (Anatomical): Comer (2011)
Intensity of disorder increases/decreases if areas of the brain are damaged. Patient shot himself in the head causing damage to the orbital region and caudate nucleus, this lead to a dramatic reduction in symptoms.
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OCD (Anatomical): Baxter et al (1992)
OCD sufferes have an over-active orbital frontal cortex (the stuff of obsessions) and dysfunctional neural circuits, namely in the corpus striatum (the stuff of compulsions).
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OCD (Drug Therapy): Flament et al. (1985)
Found anti-depressants superior to a 5-week placebo treatment.
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OCD (Psychosurgery): Kelly & Cobb (1985)
75% of 49 patients displayed improved symptoms 20 months after psychosurgery.
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OCD (Psychosurgery): Greenburg et al. (2008)
Found a symptom reduction and functional improvements in 18 out of 26 psychosurgery patients.
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OCD (Psychosurgery): Hindus et al. (1985)
conducted a longitudinal study 3 and 7 years after treatment finding that only few displayed improvement in their condition.
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OCD (Drug Therapy): Beroquist et al. (1999)
Looked at the effect of low doses of the anti-psychotic RISPERIDONE, finding that the treatment was effective due to its dopamine lowering effect.
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OCD (Cognitive Explanation): Rachman and Hodges (1987)
Some individuals more susceptible to obsessional thinking because of increased vulnerability to genetic factors, depression ect. - links cognitive with other explanations.
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OCD (Cognitive Explanation): Davison and Neale (1994)
OCD patients can't distinguish between fantasy and reality - faulty thought processes.
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OCD (Cognitive Explanation): Barrett and Healey (2002)
Compared OCD, anxious and non-clinic children finding that OCD children had higher ratings of cognitive appraisals - cognitive concepts occur in childhood.
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OCD (Cognitive Explanation): Salkovskis (1991)
"OCD patients show a number of characteristic thinking errors linked to their obsessional difficulties" "May expect pregnant women to show an increase in symptoms"
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OCD (Cognitive Explanation): Buttolph & Holland (1990)
69% of women with OCD had worsening or onset of symptoms during pregnancy/childbirth - inflated sense of personal responsibility.
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OCD (Cognitive Therapies): Freeston (1996)
Challenged the dysfunctional beliefs of OCD patients; 'must be important because I think about it' - asked to keep thought diary, showing the unimportant things they think about.
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OCD (Cognitive Therapies): Eddy et al. (2004)
Found that behavioural therapies are more effective, however cognitive therapies tend to be more effective at treating strong obsessions --> CBT?
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OCD (CBT): Cordioli (2008)
Meta - analysis of CBT, found to be effective (reduction of symptoms) in 70% of cases.
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OCD (CBT): Vogel et al. (1992)
Found that CBT reduces obsessional thinking during sessions, but no between treatments - little value in the real world?
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OCD (Behavioural Explanation): Meyer and Cheeser (1970)
Classical Conditioning - Demonstrated how compulsions are learned behaviour that reduce heightened anxiety levels brought on by obsessions.
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OCD (Behavioural Explanation): Skinner (1948)
Superstition Hypothesis; OCD = bodily actions associated with reduced relief of symptoms 'magical thinking' - negative reinforcement, reduction of anxiety = Operant Conditioning.
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OCD (Behavioural Explanation): Weissman
Anxiety disorders run in families - supports Social Learning Theory.
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OCD (Behavioural Treatments): Schwartz et al. (1996)
Reported behavioural therapies to be effective in reducing symptoms, and also that they incur biochemical changes - supports explanation.
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OCD (Behavioural Treatments): Franklin et al. (2000)
Large scale effectiveness study, 60% reduction in symptoms = effective!
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OCD (Behavioural Treatments): Rachman (2004)
This form of therapy may be less appropriate for patients whose symptoms mainly consist of obsessions.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Used gene mapping, found that hoarding compulsions are linked to chromosome 14.
Back
OCD (Genetic): Samuels et al. (2007)
Card 3
Front
70 years of twin studies, found that symptoms were heritable; 45 - 65% genetic influence in children, 27 - 47% in adults.
Back
Card 4
Front
Used family studies, found that 30% of an OCD sufferers first degree family also had the disorder.
Back
Card 5
Front
"There is no more evidence that patients with OCD have more or less serotonin than patients with other anxiety disorders or healthy controls".
Back
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