practical and ethical considerations mean no control over variables
1 of 22
Observation without intervention
Naturalistic observation
2 of 22
Animal studies
Darwin- HMS Beagle/ Jane Goodall's chimps/ Diane Fossey's mountain gorillas
3 of 22
Advantages and Disadvantages
Real world/ external validity/ complex situations/ develop theories/ Time consuming/ expensive/ describes behaviour not causes/ not useful for specific hypothesis
4 of 22
Observation with manipulation
Event that's uncommon or difficult to observe/ vary quality of stimulus/ add or manipulate IV
5 of 22
Participant observation
Researcher both observes and participates
6 of 22
Undisguised
Hunter S. Thompson- Year with Hell's angels/ Jennifer Lois- 6 years with search and rescue team/ Danny Wilcos- 3 years with AA
7 of 22
Disguised
John Howard Griffin- weeks disguised as African American/ Rosenthal
8 of 22
Structured observation
Cause an event or set up situation/ no control for variables/ check list or coding scheme- Ainsworth, Bandura, Lorenz
9 of 22
Field experiments
Controlled experiment in natural seeting
10 of 22
Latane and Darley
Bystander reaction to crime
11 of 22
Milgram et al
Reactions of people in queue to pushers in
12 of 22
Crusco and Wetzel
Waitress touching
13 of 22
Milgram
How helpful people are to lost kids in cities or towns
14 of 22
Time sampling
Random or systematic
15 of 22
Event sampling
specific events/ behaviours for observations
16 of 22
Situation sampling
specific behaviour in different locations/ external validity plus generalisation
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