Obedience and Conformity

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What is conformity?
Changing one's behaviour in response to explicit or implicit pressure from others
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What is compliance?
Changing behaviour following the explicit request of another person
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What is obedience?
Submitting to the demands of someone who is higher in the social hierarchy than oneself
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What is compliance for?
A Public agreemenet and outward change in behaviour, but is it internal?
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When does it persist?
Only while behaviour under surveillance, power as the basis of compliance
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What is conversion?
Private aggreement, acceptance/internalisation
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When does true internal change persist?
Absence of surveillance, not based on power but subjective validity of social norms
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What is correct, valid and appropriate?
Confidence and certainty
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What is normative influence?
Is conforming to the expectations of others = behavioural compliance in group contexts
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What is informational influence?
Refers to the adoption of objective/external sources of information and conversion
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What is sherif's study?
Took it in turn to call out their estimates, tendency for estimates to converge
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What is Asch (1952)'s study?
Group influence on unambiguous judgements
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What were the results?
Average conformity was 33%, 5% conformed on all trials, 50% conformed at least once, 25% remained independent, compared to 0.7% errors in control
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When is there an increased conformity?
High uncertainty: stimulus absent
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What is referent informational influence?
Is where social identity shapes individual behaviour to be consistent with salient group identity
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Even in low ambiguity situations with what?
no social sanctions people comply with group responses, the more identification with group, the more influenced
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What did Abrams et al (1990)
found greatest conformity for public responses but even private responses were heavily influenced by group membership
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What did Bond and Smith (1996) do?
Meta-analysis of 133 Asch- style conformity experiments: focus on visual judgements rather than opinion
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What was found about conformity?
Increases with level of ambiguity, size of groups, among females, when majority are not out group members
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When is conformity higher?
In collectivist countries and declined over time
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What is group unanimity?
Greater conformity rates when group is unanimous
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What is anonymity?
Conformity decreases when decisions can be made anonymously
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How does epertise and status influence conformity?
High status or expert group members have more social influence, • Experts exert more informational social influence • High status exerts more normative social influence • Expertise and status often go hand in hand
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What is explanations for behaviour?
Conform less when we understand the reasons for other people’s behaviors. • When we have obvious explanation for why we may have a deviant opinion. • We know they are acting out of bias or self-interest.
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What could results be interpreted as?
low levels of public conformity (only 1/3 of time), and (ii) almost no private persuasion
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When does group pressure only enough for?
Public show of consensus but participants were not actually persuaded
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what is the minority influence?
Most conformity studies have focused on the individual’s response to social influence (c.f. Sherif & Asch’s studies).
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Moscovici (1976)
how do small minority groups create social change? • Less power < influence over the majority
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What is the first Factor of the genetic model of social influence?
Conformity: majority influence persuading minority to adopt majority viewpoint
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What is the second factor of genetic model of influence?
Normalisation: mutual compromise leading to convergence
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What is the third factor of genetic model of influene?
Innovation: minority creates and accentuates conflict to persuade majority to adopt their viewpoint
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When is it not easy to dismiss the minority opinion?
The minority group’s message is consistent across time and context • Demonstrates investment in their cause (e.g., personal & material sacrifice) • Acts out of principle (not self-interest)
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What did Minority influence enacted through?
public compliance –reasons of both normative & informational dependence
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What is majority influence enated through?
through indirect, often private change in opinion due to the resolution of cognitive dissonance (i.e., process of informational influence).
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What is conversion effect?
sudden and dramatic change in attitude of the majority due to minority influence
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What was Milgram's study a study of?
Compliance and obedience
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What was his ways of authority?
Expert experimenter can influence subordinates, near lethal electric shocks applied to stooge connected to apparatus in mock learning study
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What was heard at different voltages?
75V: Ugh, 150V: Get me out of here, heart condition, 180V: I cant stand the pain, 220V: Let me out!Let me Out!, 270V: Agonised Screams, 300V: Refuse to answer, 315V intensly agonised screams, 345V: Silence
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What was the actual % of subjects administering shock to confederate?
60% went all the way to 435V
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What was found in spain and holland?
90% compliance rate
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What was found in italy, Germany, austria?
80% compliance rate
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What was found in australian Men and Women?
40% and 16%
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What was the first explanation for obedience?
High levels of aggression rather than obedience to authority
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What happened in eperiment 11?
Participants chose own shock level, absence of authority instructions, should rapidly gravitate towards the maximum 450V if aggression based
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How many pps went beyond 135V?
Only 1 went to 450V
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What happened with free choice?
Administered levels of shocks are considerably lower
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What were the 3 factors influencing obedience?
Closeness of authority, legitimacy of authority, proximity of shock equipment
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How is immediacy an influencing factor?
Unseen and unheard: 100% compliance • Pounding on the wall: 62.5% • Visible during experiment: 40% • Holding hand to electrode: 30%!
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What is legitimacy of power?
Type of authority: Yale University, lab coat experimenter, reduction when the experiment was conducted in 'industrial setting'
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What was the first explanation for obedience?
To disobey means rejecting competence/authority
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What is obedience for?
To that point means willing participation in legitimate eperiment
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What does this mean?
Subsequent disobedience challenges this selfdefinition (e.g. role of willing volunteer and helpful participant) • If stop, need to consider that what done so far is questionable and less worthy (c.f. effort justification)
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what is an agentic state?
Internal change as a shift from autonomy to an agentic state, person no longer views himself as acting out of own purposes but rather than an agent eecutive orders
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What is the agentic state no longer view himself?
No longer responsible for own actions, as defines himself as instrument carrying out other’s wishes
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Acting within what?
Hierarchical structure, evolutionary benefits: Coordinated accomplishments threat defense, conflict reduction
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What is the level of conformity symptoms of time and culture?
Over time conformity decreases, increasing awareness of Milgram's findings may make people less susceptible but is rarely measured,
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How did levels of obedience vary?
Massively (28-91%) so there may be other factors at work
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What is obedience?
Because experimenter is in authority (In charge) or an authority (An expert)
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What did Russell and Gregory state about Milgram's experiment?
Features designed into experiment that reduce strain/tension to maximise high levels of obedience
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What are participants provided with?
A rationale for inflicting pain transformed 'evil' action (Shocking) into something 'good' (Advancing learning)
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Why?
Through what process - contextual variations affected levels of obedience (0%-100%)
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What is Agentic state?
No evidence that people enter such state: can variations in this state explain variation in obedience
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What does the paradigm address?
Participants being torn between competing demands --> Not in a passive state
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What was Haslam and reicher's social identity account?
obedience is predicted upon perceptions of shared identity with experimenter, salient: both teachers, both engaged with science, physically: same room, learner not visible
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What do instructions continue to do?
Adhere to because consistent with identity/group norm
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What is requested?
Requests and scientific rationale prompts adhered to as basis for shared social identity, § But command/ order (no choice) less adhered to as emphasises lack of shared social identity
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Participants involved in Burger's replication?
70 pps - 20-81 years old, mean (SD) 42.9 (15.67)
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What is a thorough screening process?
People who had taken 2 (or more) psychology courses were excluded. • People with history of mental health conditions excluded • People who passed these 2 checks had in-person interview with clinical psychologist.
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What was the experiment terminated at?
Experiment terminated at 150V • Critical point – 79% of Milgram’s subjects who delivered 150V continued to the end. • Random assignment to base condition OR modeled refusal condition
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What was the base condition?
Base condition resembled Milgram’s Exp.5. • Confederate is the learner and reveals heart condition. • Script based on Milgram’s original ... “you must continue” • After 150V, learner yells “get me out of here”, experiment ended if pps reads next item
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What is the modeled refusal conditon?
2 confederates – 1 learner role & 1 first teacher role • Participant is assigned to second teacher role. • Experimenter instructs that first teacher will go first. • After 90V first teacher expresses doubt and eventually refuses to continue (and leav
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What does the experimenter ask??
pps to take over
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What was found in the base condition?
70% pps in base condition went to continue past 150V
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What was this compared to Milgram's original?
82.5%
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What was found in modeled refusal condition?
63.3% went on to continue
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This was not significantly different from what?
Rates in base condition
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No significant different between who was found?
Men and women
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Stats?
• 66.7% men & 72.7% women went to continue past 150V in base condition.
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Dolinski et al (2017)
Would Milgram’s results still be replicated 50 years later in 2015? • First replication in Central Europe • Post-WWII historical conditions made strict obedience to authority (Soviet rule) mandatory.
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What is there limited attention to?
limited attention to whether the same results would occur if the learner was a women
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Participants?
80 participants – 40 men & 40 women recruited • 18-69 years old, mean (SD) 27.36 (11.07)
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What was found?
Obedience rate of 90% pps willing to go past 150V, no sig. effect of gender of the learner
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What was the trend?
Participants 3X more likely to refuse if female learner but it was not sign.
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Other cards in this set

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What is compliance?

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Changing behaviour following the explicit request of another person

Card 3

Front

What is obedience?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is compliance for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When does it persist?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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