OBA week 3 personality

?
personality dimensions are
often contradictory
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derived from
latin persona = mask.ie a visible aspect of one's character
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other definition
the essential character of a person
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debate between
natural and social sciences
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mainstream orthodoxy is about
changeability and emotion from ancient classification - to make sense and organise
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what is this approach
nomothetic
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recent debates are based on
the self and identity: personal experience, nurtured, social and cultural interaction
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what is this approach
ideographic
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debate on
the influence of society and the social construction; who defines it? universal definition?
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science does not only have
an effect on the world but also creates the world- thus more important to talk about identity than personality
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need for business in understanding personality
suspicion that people hide their true personality. science (positivists) claim to be able to extract it through psychometric testing= this delights managers (provides quick solution to problem)
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key psychometric tests
Myers briggs TYPE indicator test, Esyecks TRAIT factor analysis
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the business need
brings order into chaos with selecting people for teams
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nomothetic
constructing tools t measure personality : Hippocrates, Jung, Myers briggs
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idographic
response to the effects of nomothetic: emphasies the continent character of personality. psychodynamics, phenomenology, identity
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nomothetic explained
standardising the measurements of personality. extracts some elements of personality to use as a template for comparison. eg emotion vs cognition in guiding ones actions
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creates a scale to place people on when assessing their personality
it is all about comparison otherwise the concept would not exist in the absence of comparisons
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Hippocrates four temperaments (3rd and 4th bc)
born and inherited types influenced by the plants and 4 basic substances- black and yellow tie, blood, phlegm
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4 types of human beings
melancholic, choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic
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melancholic
introspect and withdraws, heavy downcast moods
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choleric
cranky, fiery, irritable
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sanguine
cheerful, hopeful, optimistic
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phlegmatic
sluggish, laidback, apathetic
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Wundt says
the continuums can be transferred unto one dimension. correlations between personalities.
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theory suggests
these personalities are not sealed boxes but are a continum: eg a mix. competing forces that find expression in a myriad of personality complexions
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basic distribution of personality characteristics
based on strength of feelings and speed of change in a persons feelings
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esyencks illustrated what wundt was getting at
there are some characteristics that are emotional and non and some you can change, others you can't
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mix of
emotional, non emotional, changeable, unchangeable
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Jung's inner and outer worlds
personality as a personal : a product
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the individual is a participant in what
in a collective unconscious and tiegerther with the personal unconscious it forms an inner world out of which the person or personality is extracted to create a kind of surface between inner and outer world
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2 types
personal inner world and collective inner world
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this means
we are partially self determining and autonomous agents and that the individual is in fact partly driven by non rational and unconscious forces
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Plato's cave allegory
we are actors on 2 stages; the rational every day( here and now in conscious world), and the shadow world (accessed though dreams)
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these continue to
exert its influence on us and determine some of the most profound things in our life eg destiny and fate
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jungs theory of personality
some of us are more in tune with the collective unconscious . we play 2 roles the one for ourselves and one for the way we portray ourselves to society
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our role
is YET to be found and shaped
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2 sides have to be explored and cultivated
only out of interaction of the 2 realms and resolution of a series of dilemmas and contraditiciosns thrown uo out if this alteration is it possible for individuals to progress in ways that allow them to fulfil their potential and destiny
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so
it is the contractions there are signifiant for understanding personality rather than the surface factors that might be termed a personality type
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personality type
remains as simplification that is an illusion of self deception
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jung has introverts and extroverts
each person has both E and I but tendency towards one or the other.
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extroverts are
rarely unbalanced - flight from denial of, their other needs
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but thee aspects of the self are not attended to
they can become problematic and unpredictable
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this leads to a
shadow personality that dwells in the background elapsed by the primary dominant self
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Myers briggs
apparently random variation in human behaviour is actually quite orderly and consistent
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considered that people are a unique product of their hereditary and environment
as well as their wide variation in the way people accept/ reject different features of their environment.
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definition of endowed
a gift like an ability or quality
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their 1962 handbook is unclear whether people are
endowed with a certain personality by birth and environment, or whether people are compelled to make certain life chioices which helps to form personality
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basic differences are explained in terms of how people
prefer to use theyr minds. specifically when they use their perception and judgement leading to 4 preferences of basic orientation in the world
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Myers personality index
all about individual CHOICE
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preference between
extraversion/ I, sensing or Intuition (SI), thinking or feeling (TF), judgement or perception (JP)
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defined these complicit combinations of features dependant on group rather than isolated psyche of individuals
some may be truly introvert but acting EXT. - going against natural preferences.
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scores for the strengths of EI SN TF JP
generating 16 dfferent combinations. he popular ESTJ type is one kind but there are INFP tyoes, ENTP, and ESFP.
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benefits
likely career options for individuals, choosing form of education through which different people would have the best chance of successs: engineering as opposed to the arts
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...
recruitment and selection decision, man power planning decision stop maximise productivity and efficiency, personality type and leadership style.
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ENTP types
motivators - trasnformational leadership style
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INP types
as innovators- transformative due to capacity to innovate and create problem solving
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overall
test may prove identifying leadership potential and shows different routes to leadership
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limitations
expensive, self reporting (not always accurate), second guess what test is looking for, forced questions/ answers
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the science of personality - Hans and michael
leads to essentialist explanations of personality
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has the effect of
constituting and disciplining the study of personality , ingores social determinants of peronsality
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trait theory
nit directly observable, can only be inferred by behaviour
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traits
not active all the time, but are persistent even when latent and distinguished by low threshold of arousal.
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find the extremes then
place the person on the continuum.
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traits are
dispositional factos that regularly and persistently determine our conduct in may types of situations
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identified by way of observing statistically significant correlations beetween
behavioural acts or action tendencies among test subjects that form irrelated traits
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e - extra, n - neurotics
is stability and predictability
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traits that relate to neurotic type once
anxiety, guilt, low self esteem etc
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later introduced another major type concept
P - psychoism (impulsive)
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individuals are
not considered pure types but are better thought as mechanisms; the effects of which are normally distributed throughout the population
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e for example is
felt to varying degrees by all individuals, tends to be exaggerated or over developed in some people but under developed in others
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significance of these concepts
allows to and the normal regular routine behaviour
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only behaviour can be observed but nit the type themselves
eg extroversion
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factor analysis
a trait= being shy, a type = extroverted, but for esyeneck is a matter of statistical correlation to traits to form an aggregate or broader personality type made of all these traits
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shy not significant in term of explaining behaviour forms only
one component of I - E and N are more powerful concepts as they provide better statistical accuracy
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the set of people defined as N contains the population of individuals who are
shy
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a SUB population of people who are shy will be
moody and emotional whilst others might have low self esteem and suffer from guilt: but they all tend words the N dimension
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problems with traits theory
methodological, eugenics: certain personalities = crime, poverty etc, macro scale explanations but not organisational realities, sees org personalities thrihg the view of the entiity (determinism),
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...
precise definition of psychotic, neurotic is historically relative and remain subject to dispute and debate
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IDOGRAPHIC approaches (softer method) - as science is harder
is personality a cause or effect of environment?
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limitations with the hard sciences approach and hidden political assumptions and consequences bidden within its practise did what
mottivate some writers to adopt the Softer and more ideographic methods
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approaches - ideographic 1
emphasis on the detailed richer texture of personality that stresses change, evolution and development. more differences are subtle, shifting and complex
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limitation
confusing = says little more than every body is different but has not scientific basis
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approaches - ideographic 2
considers the emotional spirit dimensions of human life form eg love/empathy
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approaches - ideographic 3
a re-contextualisation of personality within a broader and more expensive realm of sentient and being that draws in aspects of our being that we do not normally attend to
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approaches - ideographic 4
distinictive schools of thought in this approach eg osychodynamics
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psychodynamics
ideographic approach based on the work of freud
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psychodynamics 1
individual is seen as a processual phenomenon
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psychodynamics 2
individual is forced to resolve multiple internal conflicts
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psychodynamics 3
indentifies problems such as neurosis, psychosis, narcissism, anxiety, inhibition, regression
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emphasis on development of personality ivertime
partly learned dthrigh social interaction and self development (process view of organisation)
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proposed internal psychic structure with 3 interacting components
EGO, ID, SUPEREGO
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ego
mechanisms that resolve primal desires - these desires seek satisfaction
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id
value and norms of society that demand their repsression
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super ego
the social norms
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the ego is balanced between these 2 competing pressures
internal psychic structure = personality problems are surface symptoms or more profound
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freud's model
iceberg. conscious - ego: developed in childhood. controls behaviour to reconcile demands of ID, superego and outside world
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preconscious
superego: learned values and demands of culture and society
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unconscious
ID: biological element, unconscious, demands gratification of pleasure seeking drives
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personality ----> identity
Maslow: the organised and systematic inhibition and control of personality
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individuas as an integrated whole
eg israeli communities : letting go of our capitalist consumerism and embracing spiritualism - we are a product of society
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self actualisation might only be possible once
we relinquish control that the ego maintains our experience over the world
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interested in the concept of the self or
the more generalised struggle of the human being
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problem
ignores social context - issue is rectified by Liang and Fromm
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the indidvidual
assumed to be essential to human life
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celebrated by society
we are individuals, we have in ways, indodivial opinions, we want to reward the work of individuals
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but it is
an arbitrary (random) category throhg which we are disciplned
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alternative is to see humans
as role holders in a wider collective
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group dynamics approach (Klein and Bion0
are we individuals or role holders in a collective personality? we like to think our personality as a good feature in our individuality
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personality - like a mask / illusion
something that is acted out.
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suggests it moght be possible to understand personality as negotiations
(partly unconscious)
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negotiations between
the individual and the group - where personalities are selected for the needs of the group
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eg 6 extrovert togetehr
overtime people will start shaoping into the new personalities or roles
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identity
associated with critical approaches, extends the scope of suding personality, focus on purpose and meaning.
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basic anxiety comes from being in the world
a never ending search for identity to solve the anxiety
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end of the individual
1 Laing the schizophrenic self 2 Fromm authoritarian and marketing personalities, 3 narcissistic personalities, 4 existential anxiety
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1 Laing
personality and invidibuality relate ti seeking meaning and puropose, as well as closure to not lose motivation. facing a future of losing identity = annxiety= overwhelming situations = withdrawal and retreat
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being insignificant in the universe means our treasured resoruce is
our sense of self
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to avoid personality disorders
we assume personal responsibility and seek out the true authentic self
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identity is us demanded of us by
society- parentd work community = inauthentic self
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split personalities
trying to maintain a public self means acting as a disguise
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schizophrenic
the divided self - does not reside in the individual but in the social
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2 fromm
anxiety is provoked by the fear of freedom and lack of social structures in which individuals can find their role and meaning
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anxiety is a result of
overwhelming degree of choice we have in secular societies
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leaders become role models for direction
but these are the prodict of chaning social and economic conditions - they are pepople with power grabbing agenda and desire to manipulate to achieve personal ends
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authoritarian personalities
may provide a role model in certain social and economic times eg hitler, thatcher, bush, trump
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also the force of consumerism (capitalism)
shapes our identities into superficial marketing perosnalities
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synthetic cultures and cynical employees
organisational capitalising on the anxiety generated by individualism and replacing belonigng from community - sense of belonging replaced by org cultures with an aritifical form of belonging
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results in
resistance manifested as cynicism or pretending to play along at being committed, whilst others play the colluded self
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colluded self
employees show a compulsive optimism In their beliefs about the company
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critique
stull focus on the individual overlooking structural dimensions (social and political conflict): marxism
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the struggle for meaning and idenitty comes at cost of
understandin the more significant constituent (components) of indentity and sruggle in organisations
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the collective consciousness
mobilised against the owners and their agents (managers)
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key issues
1) methods of nature sciences- appropriate? 2) personality as an outcome of nature or nurture? 3) personality as static or open ended? 4) best approcach to studying personality? 5) degree of explanatory power to personality in understanding OB
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key contributions 1
Myers- refined tech to selection of successful employees incl transformation leadership
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key contributions 2
belbin successful teams need a mix of personality types
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key contributions 3
the big 5 personality dimensions find that job performance is explained most by conscientiousness
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conscientiousness
an essentisl task of management of its Human Resources so it can retain and enhance productivity and competitiveness
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key contributions 4
critical voices challenge mainstream approach
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key contributions 5
shift from narrow focus to identity invites consideration about meaning and purose = motivation for members
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key contributions 6
critics of identity show there us a basic ancety that comes from being in the world
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key contributions 7
organisations can be seen as franctions, disorderly and unable due to authoriatian and schizophrenic tendancies
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key contributions 8
new tech challenges the human centred view of personality
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key contributions 9
personalities may be consigned to history
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ideographic orientation
richer and more generous comprehension of personality
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a focus on identity
resotre a concern with wider structures of power and inequality
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derived from

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latin persona = mask.ie a visible aspect of one's character

Card 3

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other definition

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Card 4

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debate between

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Card 5

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mainstream orthodoxy is about

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